{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T15:53:33Z","timestamp":1778774013656,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,22]],"date-time":"2018-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1537574400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Demand Response (DR) aims to motivate end consumers to change their energy consumption patterns in response to changes in electricity prices or when the reliability of the electrical power system (EPS) is compromised. Most of the proposals found in the literature only aim at reducing the cost for end consumers. However, this article proposes a home energy management system (HEMS) that aims to schedule the use of each home appliance based on the price of electricity in real-time (RTP) and on the consumer satisfaction\/comfort level in order to guarantee the stability and the safety of the EPS. Thus, this paper presents a multi-objective DR optimization model which was formulated as a multi-objective nonlinear programming problem subjected to a set of constraints and was solved using the Non-Dominated Sorted Genetic Algorithm (NSGA-II), in order to determine the scheduling of home appliances for the time horizon. The multi-objective DR optimization model not only to minimize the cost of electricity consumption but also to reduce the level of inconvenience for residential consumers. Moreover, a priori, it is expected to obtain a more uniform demand with fewer peaks in the system and, potentially, achieving a more reliable and safer EPS operation. Thus, the energy management controller (EMC) within the HEMS determines an optimized schedule for each home appliance through the multi-objective DR model presented in this article, and ensures a more economic scenario for end consumers. In this paper, a performance evaluation of HEMS in 15 Brazilian families between 1 January and 31 December 2016 is presented with different electric energy consumption patterns in the cities of Bel\u00e9m\u2014PA, Teresina\u2014PI, Cuiab\u00e1\u2014MT, Florian\u00f3polis\u2014SC and S\u00e3o Paulo\u2014SP, with three families per city, located in the regions north, northeast, central west, south and the southeast of Brazil, respectively. In addition, a total of 425 home appliances were used in the simulations. The results show that the HEMS achieved reductions in the cost of electricity for all the Scenarios used while minimally affecting the satisfaction\/comfort of the end consumers as well as taking into account all the restrictions. The largest reduction in the total cost of electricity occurred for the couple without children, resident in the city of Teresina\u2014PI; with a drop from US$ 99.31 to US$ 90.72 totaling 8.65% savings in the electricity bill. Therefore, the results confirm that the proposed HEMS effectively improves the operating efficiency of home appliances and reduces electricity costs for end consumers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18103207","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,24]],"date-time":"2018-09-24T10:38:49Z","timestamp":1537785529000},"page":"3207","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":82,"title":["A Multi-Objective Demand Response Optimization Model for Scheduling Loads in a Home Energy Management System"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Jaclason M.","family":"Veras","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Applied Informatics, University of Fortaleza (UNIFOR), Fortaleza-CE 60811-905, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Igor Rafael S.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computing, Federal University of Piau\u00ed (UFPI), Teresina-PI 64049-550, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1718-1712","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pl\u00e1cido R.","family":"Pinheiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Applied Informatics, University of Fortaleza (UNIFOR), Fortaleza-CE 60811-905, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1482-6404","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo A. L.","family":"Rab\u00ealo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computing, Federal University of Piau\u00ed (UFPI), Teresina-PI 64049-550, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6872-5954","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Artur Felipe S.","family":"Veloso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computing, Federal University of Piau\u00ed (UFPI), Teresina-PI 64049-550, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"F\u00e1bbio Anderson S.","family":"Borges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computing, Federal University of Piau\u00ed (UFPI), Teresina-PI 64049-550, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8657-3800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joel J. P. C.","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Telecommunications (INATEL), Av. Jo\u00e3o de Camargo, 510-Centro, Santa Rita do Sapuca\u00ed-MG 37540-000, Brazil"},{"name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute Photonics and Optoinformatics, University of Information Technology, Mechanics and Optics (ITMO), 197101 Saint Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2017.04.027","article-title":"Real-time pricing scheme based on Stackelberg game in smart grid with multiple power retailers","volume":"260","author":"Dai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2431","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2015.2503379","article-title":"Demand response management for residential smart grid: From theory to practice","volume":"3","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1874","DOI":"10.1109\/TSG.2014.2388357","article-title":"Automated demand response from home energy management system under dynamic pricing and power and comfort constraints","volume":"6","author":"Althaher","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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