{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T12:05:52Z","timestamp":1783685152299,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,26]],"date-time":"2018-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1537920000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005632","name":"Narodowe Centrum Bada\u0144 i Rozwoju","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LIDER\/18\/0064\/L-7\/15\/NCBR\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LIDER\/18\/0064\/L-7\/15\/NCBR\/2016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005632","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper reviews low-cost vehicle and pedestrian detection methods and compares their accuracy. The main goal of this survey is to summarize the progress achieved to date and to help identify the sensing technologies that provide high detection accuracy and meet requirements related to cost and ease of installation. Special attention is paid to wireless battery-powered detectors of small dimensions that can be quickly and effortlessly installed alongside traffic lanes (on the side of a road or on a curb) without any additional supporting structures. The comparison of detection methods presented in this paper is based on results of experiments that were conducted with a variety of sensors in a wide range of configurations. During experiments various sensor sets were analyzed. It was shown that the detection accuracy can be significantly improved by fusing data from appropriately selected set of sensors. The experimental results reveal that accurate vehicle detection can be achieved by using sets of passive sensors. Application of active sensors was necessary to obtain satisfactory results in case of pedestrian detection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18103243","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,28]],"date-time":"2018-09-28T02:54:54Z","timestamp":1538103294000},"page":"3243","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":93,"title":["A Survey and Comparison of Low-Cost Sensing Technologies for Road Traffic Monitoring"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0099-1647","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcin","family":"Bernas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Automatics, University of Bielsko-Biala, 43-309 Bielsko-Biala, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8570-0361","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bart\u0142omiej","family":"P\u0142aczek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Computer Science, University of Silesia, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wojciech","family":"Korski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Innovative Technologies EMAG, 40-189 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piotr","family":"Loska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Innovative Technologies EMAG, 40-189 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaros\u0142aw","family":"Smy\u0142a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Innovative Technologies EMAG, 40-189 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piotr","family":"Szyma\u0142a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Innovative Technologies EMAG, 40-189 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2014.05.004","article-title":"A self-organizing system for urban traffic control based on predictive interval microscopic model","volume":"34","author":"Placzek","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eng. 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