{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T18:26:30Z","timestamp":1773253590603,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,28]],"date-time":"2018-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1538092800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000104","name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NNX16AT80A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNX16AT80A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000104","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IIS-1528145"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IIS-1528145"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000181","name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["3003832414"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3003832414"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000181","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003204","name":"Airbus","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["127302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["127302"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003204","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Smart structures mimic biological systems by using thousands of sensors serving as a nervous system analog. One approach to give structures this sensing ability is to develop a multifunctional sensor network. Previous work has demonstrated stretchable sensor networks consisting of temperature sensors and impact detectors for monitoring external environments and interacting with other objects. The objective of this work is to develop distributed, robust and reliable strain gauges for obtaining the strain distribution of a designated region on the target structure. Here, we report a stretchable network that has 27 rosette strain gauges, 6 resistive temperature devices and 8 piezoelectric transducers symmetrically distributed over an area of 150 \u00d7 150 mm to map and quantify multiple physical stimuli with a spatial resolution of 2.5 \u00d7 2.5 mm. We performed computational modeling of the network stretching process to improve measurement accuracy and conducted experimental characterizations of the microfabricated strain gauges to verify their gauge factor and temperature coefficient. Collectively, the results represent a robust and reliable sensing system that is able to generate a distributed strain profile of a common structure. The reported strain gauge network may find a wide range of applications in morphing wings, smart buildings, autonomous cars and intelligent robots.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18103260","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,28]],"date-time":"2018-09-28T02:54:54Z","timestamp":1538103294000},"page":"3260","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Characterization of Distributed Microfabricated Strain Gauges on Stretchable Sensor Networks for Structural Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Xiyuan","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Building 530, 440 Escondido Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"}]},{"given":"Tanay","family":"Topac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Stanford University, Durand Building, 496 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"}]},{"given":"Wyatt","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Building 530, 440 Escondido Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"}]},{"given":"Purim","family":"Ladpli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Stanford University, Durand Building, 496 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"}]},{"given":"Cheng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Building 530, 440 Escondido Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"}]},{"given":"Fu-Kuo","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Stanford University, Durand Building, 496 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2145","DOI":"10.2514\/2.1561","article-title":"Review of State of Art of Smart Structures and Integrated Systems","volume":"40","author":"Chopra","year":"2002","journal-title":"AIAA J."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Introduction to Smart Structures","volume":"Volume 13","author":"Tzou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Intelligent Structural Systems"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470612071.ch1","article-title":"Introduction to Structural Health Monitoring","volume":"Volume 90","author":"Balageas","year":"2006","journal-title":"Structural Health Monitoring"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johnson, S.B., Gormley, T.J., Kessler, S.S., Mott, C.D., Patterson-Hine, A., Reichard, K.M., and Scandura, P.A. 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