{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T09:31:01Z","timestamp":1776504661471,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,30]],"date-time":"2018-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1538265600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Integration of functional nanomaterials with optical micro\/nanofibers (OMNFs) can bring about novel optical properties and provide a versatile platform for various sensing applications. OMNFs as the key element, however, have seldom been investigated. Here, we focus on the optimization of fiber diameter by taking micro\/nanofiber-based localized surface plasmon resonance sensors as a model. We systematically study the dependence of fiber diameter on the sensing performance of such sensors. Both theoretical and experimental results show that, by reducing fiber diameter, the refractive index sensitivity can be significantly increased. Then, we demonstrate the biosensing capability of the optimized sensor for streptavidin detection and achieve a detection limit of 1 pg\/mL. Furthermore, the proposed theoretical model is applicable to other nanomaterials and OMNF-based sensing schemes for performance optimization.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18103295","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,2]],"date-time":"2018-10-02T08:23:50Z","timestamp":1538468630000},"page":"3295","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Optical Micro\/Nanofiber-Based Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensors: Fiber Diameter Dependence"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5022-1897","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaiwei","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenchao","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2188-7213","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuwen","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"XLIM Research Institute, UMR 7252 CNRS\/University of Limoges, 87060 Limoges CEDEX, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.5b04298","article-title":"Fiber-Optic Chemical Sensors and Biosensors (2013\u20132015)","volume":"88","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2017.02.084","article-title":"H2 sensor based on tapered optical fiber coated with MnO2 nanostructures","volume":"246","author":"Yahya","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2010.09.018","article-title":"Optical microfibers decorated with PdAu nanoparticles for fast hydrogen sensing","volume":"151","author":"Escobar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2013.02.052","article-title":"Wavelength-based localized surface plasmon resonance optical fiber biosensor","volume":"181","author":"Cao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23990","DOI":"10.1039\/C5RA02910D","article-title":"Plasma enhanced label-free immunoassay for alpha-fetoprotein based on a U-bend fiber-optic LSPR biosensor","volume":"5","author":"Liang","year":"2015","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21693","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.20.021693","article-title":"Tapered optical fiber sensor based on localized surface plasmon resonance","volume":"20","author":"Lin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3585","DOI":"10.3390\/s100403585","article-title":"Optical fiber LSPR biosensor prepared by gold nanoparticle assembly on polyelectrolyte multilayer","volume":"10","author":"Shao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2004.10.034","article-title":"Humidity sensors based on silica nanoparticle aerogel thin films","volume":"107","author":"Wang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bialiayeu, A., Bottomley, A., Prezgot, D., Ianoul, A., and Albert, J. (2012). Plasmon-enhanced refractometry using silver nanowire coatings on tilted fibre Bragg gratings. Nanotechnology, 23.","DOI":"10.1364\/BGPP.2012.BW2E.1"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11035","DOI":"10.1021\/jp5025069","article-title":"Surface plasmon resonances in oriented silver nanowire coatings on optical fibers","volume":"118","author":"Renoirt","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2017.01.187","article-title":"UV irradiation-assisted ethanol detection operated by the gas sensor based on ZnO nanowires\/optical fiber hybrid structure","volume":"245","author":"Gong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2013.10.108","article-title":"Fiber optic SPR sensor for liquid concentration measurement","volume":"192","author":"Zhao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5087","DOI":"10.1364\/OPEX.13.005087","article-title":"Fast detection of hydrogen with nano fiber tapers coated with ultra thin palladium layers","volume":"13","author":"Villatoro","year":"2005","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, N.M.Y., Li, K., Shum, P.P., Yu, X., Zeng, S., Wu, Z., Wang, Q.J., Yong, K.T., and Wei, L. (2017). Hybrid Graphene\/Gold Plasmonic Fiber-Optic Biosensor. Adv. Mater. Technol., 2.","DOI":"10.1002\/admt.201600185"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1021\/acsphotonics.7b01207","article-title":"Electron-Rich Two-Dimensional Molybdenum Trioxides for Highly Integrated Plasmonic Biosensing","volume":"5","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Photonics"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1364\/OME.6.000727","article-title":"Graphene oxide deposited microfiber knot resonator for gas sensing","volume":"6","author":"Yu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Opt. Mater. Express"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.39.001235","article-title":"Graphene-coated microfiber Bragg grating for high-sensitivity gas sensing","volume":"39","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1007\/s11468-015-0105-1","article-title":"Tapered Fiber Probe Modified by Ag Nanoparticles for SERS Detection","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Plasmonics"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1007\/s11468-011-9228-1","article-title":"A Review on Functionalized Gold Nanoparticles for Biosensing Applications","volume":"6","author":"Zeng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Plasmonics"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3426","DOI":"10.1039\/c3cs60479a","article-title":"Nanomaterials enhanced surface plasmon resonance for biological and chemical sensing applications","volume":"43","author":"Zeng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1021\/cr068126n","article-title":"Nanostructured plasmonic sensors","volume":"108","author":"Stewart","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4231","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1812583","article-title":"Optical fiber affinity biosensor based on localized surface plasmon resonance","volume":"85","author":"Mitsui","year":"2004","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1021\/ac020310v","article-title":"Colloidal gold-modified optical fiber for chemical and biochemical sensing","volume":"75","author":"Cheng","year":"2003","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2804","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2009.02.007","article-title":"Novel U-bent fiber optic probe for localized surface plasmon resonance based biosensor","volume":"24","author":"Sai","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s13320-010-0022-z","article-title":"Micro\/nanofiber optical sensors","volume":"1","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Photonic Sens."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yan, S.C., and Xu, F. (2017). A review on optical microfibers in fluidic applications. J. Micromech. Microeng., 27.","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6439\/aa7a45"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.52.000775","article-title":"Silica nanospheres for filtering higher-order optical fiber modes","volume":"52","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2013.11.085","article-title":"Gold nanoparticle amplified optical microfiber evanescent wave absorption biosensor for cancer biomarker detection in serum","volume":"120","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bohren, C.F., and Huffman, D.R. (1998). Absorption and Scattering of Light by Small Particles, WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.","DOI":"10.1002\/9783527618156"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1364\/OPEX.12.001025","article-title":"Single-mode guiding properties of subwavelength-diameter silica and silicon wire waveguides","volume":"12","author":"Tong","year":"2004","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19893","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.20.019893","article-title":"Stepwise fabrication of arbitrary fiber optic tapers","volume":"20","author":"Felipe","year":"2012","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4212","DOI":"10.1021\/jp984796o","article-title":"Size and Temperature Dependence of the Plasmon Absorption of Colloidal Gold Nanoparticles","volume":"103","author":"Link","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4215","DOI":"10.1021\/ac0702084","article-title":"Determination of size and concentration of gold nanoparticles from UV-Vis spectra","volume":"79","author":"Haiss","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2005.02.034","article-title":"Fiber-optic chemical and biochemical probes based on localized surface plasmon resonance","volume":"113","author":"Chau","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4024","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2011.03.024","article-title":"Silicon photonic crystal nanocavity-coupled waveguides for error-corrected optical biosensing","volume":"26","author":"Pal","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1002\/elps.200410070","article-title":"The biotin-streptavidin interaction can be reversibly broken using water at elevated temperatures","volume":"26","author":"Holmberg","year":"2005","journal-title":"Electrophoresis"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/10\/3295\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:23:25Z","timestamp":1760196205000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/10\/3295"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,30]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10]]}},"alternative-id":["s18103295"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s18103295","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,30]]}}}