{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T15:25:37Z","timestamp":1779204337518,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,1]],"date-time":"2018-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1538352000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Key Research Program of China","award":["2016YFC1402004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016YFC1402004"]}]},{"name":"the National Key Research Program of China","award":["2017YFA0604100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFA0604100"]}]},{"name":"the National Key Research Program of China","award":["2017YFC1404200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFC1404200"]}]},{"name":"Program for Innovation Research and Entrepreneurship team in Jiangsu Province, National Key Research Program of China","award":["2016YFA0601803"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016YFA0601803"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41476022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41476022"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41490643"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41490643"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Higher Education Institution of China","award":["16KJB170011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16KJB170011"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The whitecap coverage at the sea surface is affected by the ratio of kinetic energy to potential energy, \u03b8, the wave spectrum width parameter, \u03c1, and other factors. This paper validates an improved statistical theory for surface whitecap coverage. Based on the theoretical analysis, we find that the whitecap coverage is more sensitive to \u03c1 than to \u03b8, and the improved statistical theory for surface whitecap coverage is suitable in regions of rough winds and waves. The satellite-derived whitecap coverage data in the westerly wind zone is used to validate the improved theory. The comparison between the results from theory and observations displays a better performance from the improved theory relative to the other methods tested.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18103306","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,2]],"date-time":"2018-10-02T11:30:02Z","timestamp":1538479802000},"page":"3306","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Validation of an Improved Statistical Theory for Sea Surface Whitecap Coverage Using Satellite Remote Sensing Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6035-376X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haili","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science &amp; Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yongzeng","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Regional Oceanography and Numerical Modeling, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266061, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Marine Science and Numerical Modeling (MASNUM), First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao 266061, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Changming","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science &amp; Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"},{"name":"Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tianyun","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Information and Computing Center, First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao 266061, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Baonan","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Marine Science and Numerical Modeling (MASNUM), First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao 266061, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Satellite Ocean Application Service, State Oceanic Administration, Beijing 100089, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1175\/JPO-D-16-0108.1","article-title":"Observations of Surface-Wave-Current Interaction","volume":"47","author":"Romero","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. 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