{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,17]],"date-time":"2026-05-17T07:13:29Z","timestamp":1779002009085,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,3]],"date-time":"2018-10-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1538524800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NRF Korea-India Science and Technology Cooperation Expansion Project,DGIST R &amp; D program of the Ministry of Science and ICT, DST - GITA - Indo-korea","award":["NRF \u2013 017K1A3A1A57093906 18-IT-02, 20180463 2015RK0201103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF \u2013 017K1A3A1A57093906 18-IT-02, 20180463 2015RK0201103"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have gained significant attention in recent times due to their suitability for a wide variety of civil, military, and societal missions. Development of an unmanned amphibious vehicle integrating the features of a multi-rotor UAV and a hovercraft is the focus of the present study. Components and subsystems of the amphibious vehicle are developed with due consideration for aerodynamic, structural, and environmental aspects. Finite element analysis (FEA) on static thrust conditions and skirt pressure are performed to evaluate the strength of the structure. For diverse wind conditions and angles of attack (AOA), computational fluid dynamic (CFD) analysis is carried out to assess the effect of drag and suitable design modification is suggested. A prototype is built with a 7 kg payload capacity and successfully tested for stable operations in flight and water-borne modes. Internet of things (IoT) based water quality measurement is performed in a typical lake and water quality is measured using pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), turbidity, and electrical conductivity (EC) sensors. The developed vehicle is expected to meet functional requirements of disaster missions catering to the water quality monitoring of large water bodies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18103318","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,4]],"date-time":"2018-10-04T02:19:49Z","timestamp":1538619589000},"page":"3318","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["Design of Amphibious Vehicle for Unmanned Mission in Water Quality Monitoring Using Internet of Things"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Balasubramanian","family":"Esakki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Autonomous System Research, VelTech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala R&amp;D Institute of Science and Technology, Avadi, Chennai 600 062, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Surendar","family":"Ganesan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Autonomous System Research, VelTech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala R&amp;D Institute of Science and Technology, Avadi, Chennai 600 062, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Silambarasan","family":"Mathiyazhagan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Autonomous System Research, VelTech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala R&amp;D Institute of Science and Technology, Avadi, Chennai 600 062, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kanagachidambaresan","family":"Ramasubramanian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science Engineering, VelTech Rangarajan Dr Sagunthala R&amp;D Institute of Science and Technology, Avadi, Chennai 600 062, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bhuvaneshwaran","family":"Gnanasekaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCAL System Ltd., Chennai 600 018, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6979-3975","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Byungrak","family":"Son","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Convergence Research Center for Wellness, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Su Woo","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rovitek Inc., 91, Damun-ro 61-gil, Jillyang-eup, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 38479, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jae Sung","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering, Sun Moon University, Asan-si 31460, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valavanis, K.P., and Vachtsevanos, G.J. 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