{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T02:52:32Z","timestamp":1773975152800,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,3]],"date-time":"2018-10-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1538524800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2017YFC0806000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFC0806000"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51678249"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51678249"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["11627802"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11627802"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["11132004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11132004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51508202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51508202"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vehicle overload is detrimental to bridges and traffic safety. This paper presents a study on the fatigue performance of typical reinforced concrete (RC) beams of highway bridges under vehicle overload. A definition method of vehicle overload and a construction method of overload ladder spectrum were first proposed based on traffic data acquisition, statistical analysis and structural calculation of the highway bridges in Guangzhou. A fatigue experimental method was also proposed with the three-ladder vehicle overload spectrum, and the fatigue tests of 15 RC beams strengthened with carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) under three loading levels were then carried out. The fatigue performance and the failure mechanism of the strengthened beams were presented and discussed, and two fatigue life prediction methods were proposed with the established modified Palmgren-Miner rule and the loading level equivalent method respectively. The results showed that the fatigue performance of the strengthened RC beams was severely degraded under overload ladder spectrum compared with that under constant amplitude cyclic load, and the life prediction methods were proved effective.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18103321","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,4]],"date-time":"2018-10-04T02:19:49Z","timestamp":1538619589000},"page":"3321","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Fatigue Performance of RC Beams Strengthened with CFRP under Overloads with a Ladder Spectrum"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Zhan-Biao","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering and Transportation, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China"}]},{"given":"Pei-Yan","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering and Transportation, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Building Science, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China"}]},{"given":"Zheng-Wei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangzhou Communication Investment Group CO. LTD., Guangzhou 510288, China"}]},{"given":"Xin-Yan","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering and Transportation, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering and Transportation, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China"}]},{"given":"Xiao-Hong","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering and Transportation, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4687-8014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering and Transportation, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Ministry of Transport of China (2016). 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