{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:03:47Z","timestamp":1760241827582,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,4]],"date-time":"2018-10-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1538611200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003141","name":"Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["536467"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["536467"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003141","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm envisions a world where everyday things interchange information between each other in a way that allows users to make smarter decisions in a given context. Even though IoT has many advantages, its characteristics make it very vulnerable to security attacks. Ciphers are a security primitive that can prevent some of the attacks; however, the constrained computing and energy resources of IoT devices impede them from implementing current ciphers. This article presents the stream cipher Generador de Bits Pseudo Aleatorios (GBPA) based on Salsa20 cipher, which is part of the eSTREAM project, but designed for resource-constrained IoT devices of Class 0. GBPA has lower program and data memory requirements compared with Salsa20 and lightweight ciphers. These properties allow low-cost resource-constrained IoT devices, 29.5% of the embedded systems in the market, to be able to implement a security service that they are currently incapable of, to preserve the user\u2019s data privacy and protect the system from attacks that could damage it. For the evaluation of its output, three statistical test suites were used: NIST Statistical Test Suite (STS), DIEHARD and EACirc, with good results. The GBPA cipher provides security without having a negative impact on the computing resources of IoT devices.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18103326","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,4]],"date-time":"2018-10-04T12:29:57Z","timestamp":1538656197000},"page":"3326","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["A Lightweight Cipher Based on Salsa20 for Resource-Constrained IoT Devices"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1935-2319","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evangelina","family":"Lara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas e Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Baja California, Tijuana, BC 22390, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leocundo","family":"Aguilar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas e Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Baja California, Tijuana, BC 22390, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jes\u00fas A.","family":"Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas e Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Baja California, Tijuana, BC 22390, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7473-0546","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mauricio A.","family":"Sanchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas e Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Baja California, Tijuana, BC 22390, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1109\/SURV.2013.042313.00197","article-title":"Context Aware Computing for The Internet of Things: A Survey","volume":"16","author":"Perera","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahmoud, R., Yousuf, T., Aloul, F., and Zualkernan, I. (2015, January 14\u201316). Internet of things IoT security: Current status, challenges and prospective measures. Proceedings of the 2015 10th International Conference for Internet Technology and Secured Transactions ICITST, London, UK.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICITST.2015.7412116"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1109\/TMSCS.2015.2498605","article-title":"Privacy and Security in Internet of Things and Wearable Devices","volume":"1","author":"Arias","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Multi-Scale Comput. Syst."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nawir, M., Amir, A., Yaakob, N., and Lynn, O.B. (2016, January 11\u201312). Internet of Things IoT: Taxonomy of security attacks. Proceedings of the 2016 3rd International Conference on Electronic Design ICED, Phuket, Thailand.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICED.2016.7804660"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alqassem, I., and Svetinovic, D. (2014, January 9\u201312). A taxonomy of security and privacy requirements for the Internet of Things IoT. Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia.","DOI":"10.1109\/IEEM.2014.7058837"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Papp, D., Ma, Z., and Buttyan, L. (2015, January 21\u201323). Embedded systems security: Threats, vulnerabilities, and attack taxonomy. Proceedings of the 2015 13th Annual Conference on Privacy, Security and Trust PST, Izmir, Turkey.","DOI":"10.1109\/PST.2015.7232966"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2014.2312291","article-title":"Research Directions for the Internet of Things","volume":"1","author":"Stankovic","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2011.291","article-title":"Securing the Internet of Things","volume":"44","author":"Roman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Computer"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bansod, G., Patil, A., Sutar, S., and Pisharoty, N. (2016, January 9\u201310). An Ultra Lightweight Encryption Design for Security in Pervasive Computing. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE 2nd International Conference on Big Data Security on Cloud (BigDataSecurity), IEEE International Conference on High Performance and Smart Computing (HPSC), and IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Data and Security (IDS), New York, NY, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/BigDataSecurity-HPSC-IDS.2016.29"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dahiphale, V., Bansod, G., and Patil, J. (2017, January 20\u201322). ANU-II: A fast and efficient lightweight encryption design for security in IoT. Proceedings of the 2017 International Conference on Big Data, IoT and Data Science (BID), Pune, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/BID.2017.8336586"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26820","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2822822","article-title":"Analysis of Lightweight Encryption Scheme for Fog-to-Things Communication","volume":"6","author":"Diro","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al Salami, S., Baek, J., Salah, K., and Damiani, E. (September, January 31). Lightweight Encryption for Smart Home. Proceedings of the 2016 11th International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security (ARES), Salzburg, Austria.","DOI":"10.1109\/ARES.2016.40"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Bormann, C., Ersue, M., and Keranen, A. (2018, September 23). RFC 7228-Terminology for Constrained-Node Networks. Internet Engineering Task Force. Available online: http:\/\/www.ietf.org\/rfc\/rfc7228.txt."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sabri, C., Kriaa, L., and Azzouz, S.L. (November, January 30). Comparison of IoT Constrained Devices Operating Systems: A Survey. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE\/ACS 14th International Conference on Computer Systems and Applications (AICCSA), Hammamet, Tunisia.","DOI":"10.1109\/AICCSA.2017.187"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"(2018, July 13). The eSTREAM Salsa20 Page. Available online: http:\/\/www.ecrypt.eu.org\/stream\/e2-salsa20.html."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robshaw, M., and Billet, O. (2008). The Salsa20 Family of Stream Ciphers. New Stream Cipher Designs, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-68351-3"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Katz, J., Menezes, A.J., Van Oorschot, P.C., and Vanstone, S.A. (1996). Handbook of Applied Cryptography, CRC Press."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paar, C., and Pelzl, J. (2010). Understanding Cryptography: A Textbook for Students and Practitioners, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-04101-3"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Rukhin, A., Soto, J., Nechvatal, J., Smid, M., and Barker, E. (2018, July 13). A Statistical Test Suite for Random and Pseudorandom Number Generators for Cryptographic Applications, Available online: https:\/\/csrc.nist.gov\/publications\/detail\/sp\/800-22\/rev-1a\/final."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Marco, B. (2011). \u201cRandom Bit Generator.\u201d Encyclopedia of Cryptography and Security, Springer."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Fran\u00e7ois, K. (2011). \u201cPseudorandom Number Generator.\u201d Encyclopedia of Cryptography and Security, Springer."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Bernstein, D.J. (2018, July 13). Salsa20 Design. Available online: http:\/\/cr.yp.to\/snuffle\/design.pdf."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Bernstein, D.J. (2018, July 13). Salsa20 Specification. Available online: http:\/\/cr.yp.to\/snuffle\/spec.pdf."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Bernstein, D.J. (2018, July 13). Salsa20 Speed. Available online: http:\/\/cr.yp.to\/snuffle\/speed.pdf."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Marsaglia, G. (2018, October 01). The Marsaglia Random Number CDROM Including the Diehard Battery of Tests of Randomness. Available online: https:\/\/archive.is\/3khra."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S\u00fds, M., \u0160venda, P., Ukrop, M., and Maty\u00e1\u0161, V. (2014, January 28\u201330). Constructing empirical tests of randomness. Proceedings of the 2014 11th International Conference on Security and Cryptography (SECRYPT), Vienna, Austria.","DOI":"10.5220\/0005023902290237"},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"S\u00fds, M., \u0160venda, P., Ukrop, M., and Maty\u00e1\u0161, V. (2018, September 23). EACirc project. Available online: https:\/\/github.com\/petrs\/eacirc."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"(2018, July 13). ATmega644-8-bit AVR Microcontrollers. Available online: http:\/\/www.microchip.com\/wwwproducts\/en\/ATMEGA644."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"(2018, July 13). Atmel Studio 7. Available online: http:\/\/www.microchip.com\/avr-support\/atmel-studio-7."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"(2018, September 18). Getting Started with Atmel Studio 7. Available online: http:\/\/ww1.microchip.com\/downloads\/en\/DeviceDoc\/Getting-Started-with-Atmel-Studio7.pdf."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koo, W.K., Lee, H., Kim, Y.H., and Lee, D.H. (2008, January 24\u201326). Implementation and Analysis of New Lightweight Cryptographic Algorithm Suitable for Wireless Sensor Networks. Proceedings of the 2008 International Conference on Information Security and Assurance (isa 2008), Busan, Korea.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISA.2008.53"},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Papagiannopoulos, K. (2013). High-Throughput Implementations of Lightweight Ciphers in the AVR ATtiny Architecture. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Radboud University Nijmegen]."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Crowley, P. (2018, October 01). Truncated differential cryptanalysis of five rounds of Salsa20. Available online: http:\/\/www.ecrypt.eu.org\/stvl\/sasc2006\/."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aumasson, J.P., Fischer, S., Khazaei, S., Meier, W., and Rechberger, C. (2008). New Features of Latin Dances: Analysis of Salsa, ChaCha, and Rumba. International Workshop on Fast Software Encryption, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-71039-4_30"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fischer, S., Meier, W., Berbain, C., Biasse, J.F., and Robshaw, M.J. (2006). Non-randomness in eSTREAM Candidates Salsa20 and TSC-4. International Conference on Cryptology in India, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/11941378_2"},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Bernstein, D.J. (2018, July 13). Salsa20 Security. Available online: http:\/\/cr.yp.to\/snuffle\/security.pdf."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/10\/3326\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:24:01Z","timestamp":1760196241000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/10\/3326"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,4]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10]]}},"alternative-id":["s18103326"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s18103326","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,4]]}}}