{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T14:39:08Z","timestamp":1771339148838,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,5]],"date-time":"2018-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1538697600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Hort Innovation Australia","award":["ST15005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ST15005"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In field (on tree) fruit sizing has value in assessing crop health and for yield estimation. As the mobile phone is a sensor and communication rich device carried by almost all farm staff, an Android application (\u201cFruitSize\u201d) was developed for measurement of fruit size in field using the phone camera, with a typical assessment rate of 240 fruit per hour achieved. The application was based on imaging of fruit against a backboard with a scale using a mobile phone, with operational limits set on camera to object plane angle and camera to object distance. Image processing and object segmentation techniques available in the OpenCV library were used to segment the fruit from background in images to obtain fruit sizes. Phone camera parameters were accessed to allow calculation of fruit size, with camera to fruit perimeter distance obtained from fruit allometric relationships between fruit thickness and width. Phone geolocation data was also accessed, allowing for mapping fruits of data. Under controlled lighting, RMSEs of 3.4, 3.8, 2.4, and 2.0 mm were achieved in estimation of avocado, mandarin, navel orange, and apple fruit diameter, respectively. For mango fruit, RMSEs of 5.3 and 3.7 mm were achieved on length and width, benchmarked to manual caliper measurements, under controlled lighting, and RMSEs of 5.5 and 4.6 mm were obtained in-field under ambient lighting.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18103331","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,5]],"date-time":"2018-10-05T12:16:44Z","timestamp":1538741804000},"page":"3331","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["In Field Fruit Sizing Using A Smart Phone Application"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5812-2989","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhenglin","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Intelligent Systems, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Queensland 4701, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anand","family":"Koirala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Future Farming Systems, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Queensland 4701, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3033-8622","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kerry","family":"Walsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Future Farming Systems, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Queensland 4701, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Future Farming Systems, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Queensland 4701, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brijesh","family":"Verma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Intelligent Systems, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Queensland 4701, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfoodeng.2008.11.004","article-title":"Non-destructive technologies for fruit and vegetable size determination\u2014A review","volume":"92","author":"Moreda","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Food Eng."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfoodeng.2010.09.021","article-title":"Non-destructive analysis of anthocyanins in cherries by means of Lambert\u2013Beer and multivariate regression based on spectroscopy and scatter correction using time-resolved analysis","volume":"103","author":"Zude","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Food Eng."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Z., Walsh, K.B., and Verma, B. (2017). On-tree mango fruit size estimation using RGB-D images. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17122738"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1080\/01140671.1990.10428080","article-title":"An instrument for measuring kiwifruit size. New Zealand","volume":"18","author":"Green","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Crop. Hortic. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1380","DOI":"10.21273\/HORTSCI.42.6.1380","article-title":"A low-cost device for accurate and continuous measurements of fruit diameter","volume":"42","author":"Morandi","year":"2007","journal-title":"HortScience"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1006\/jaer.1998.0285","article-title":"Accurate Measurement of Size and Shape of Cucumber Fruits with Image Analysis","volume":"70","author":"Polder","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Agric. Eng. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, G. (2018). Fruit and Vegetable Packhouse: Technologies for Assessing Fruit Quantity and Quality. Advances in Agricultural Machinery and Technologies, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781351132398"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2010.10.007","article-title":"Estimating the mass of mango fruit (Mangifera indica, cv. Chok Anan) from its geometric dimensions by optical measurement","volume":"75","author":"Spreer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng, H., Damerow, L., Sun, Y., and Blanke, M. (2017). Early Yield Prediction Using Image Analysis of Apple Fruit and Tree Canopy Features with Neural Networks. J. Imaging, 3.","DOI":"10.3390\/jimaging3010006"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Regunathan, M., and Lee, W.S. (2005). Citrus Fruit Identification and Size Determination Using Machine Vision and Ultrasonic Sensors. ASAE Annual International Meeting, ASABE.","DOI":"10.13031\/2013.19821"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Dellen, B., and Jofre, I.A.R. (2018, June 11). Volume measurement with a consumer depth camera based on structured infrared light. Available online: https:\/\/upcommons.upc.edu\/handle\/2117\/22236."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2014.08.008","article-title":"Estimation of pig weight using a Microsoft Kinect prototype imaging system","volume":"109","author":"Kongsro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1111\/ppl.12232","article-title":"Optical properties of developing pip and stone fruit reveal underlying structural changes","volume":"153","author":"Seifert","year":"2015","journal-title":"Physiol. Plant."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"23","article-title":"A threshold selection method from gray-level histograms","volume":"11","author":"Otsu","year":"1975","journal-title":"Automatica"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2017.09.001","article-title":"Manipulation of mango fruit dry matter content to improve eating quality","volume":"226","author":"Anderson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Hortic."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/10\/3331\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:24:05Z","timestamp":1760196245000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/10\/3331"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,5]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10]]}},"alternative-id":["s18103331"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s18103331","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,5]]}}}