{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T11:42:20Z","timestamp":1784115740436,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,12]],"date-time":"2018-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1539302400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61671488"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61671488"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>With the deepening of modern military reforms, information has become the key to winning modern warfare. The use of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) to capture image information has become an important means of reconnaissance in modern warfare and plays an irreplaceable role. The image information usually uses a wireless image transmission system, since image information is intercepted or stolen easily during the information transmission, encrypting an image is a common method for ensuring image security. However, traditional encryption algorithms have some deficiencies in terms of efficiency and security. In order to overcome these shortcomings, a new algorithm is proposed in this paper-an improved image scrambling encryption algorithm based on Fibonacci-p coding. The first new idea of the algorithm is to separate the positive and negative signs and data of the scrambled DCT coefficients, then form the symbol matrix and the data matrix respectively, perform the scrambling encryption operation on the symbol matrix. The second new idea is to encrypt the color RGB image by converting the R, G, and B colors into Y, Cb, and Cr, and converting the normal image operation into operations on Y, Cb, and Cr, thereby implementing the encryption operation. The comprehensive performance of the algorithm is optimal with different image information. Experiments results validate the favorable performance of the proposed improved encryption algorithm.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18103430","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,12]],"date-time":"2018-10-12T10:54:03Z","timestamp":1539341643000},"page":"3430","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["The Improved Image Scrambling Algorithm for the Wireless Image Transmission Systems of UAVs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Jie","family":"Dong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Software, Dalian University of Technology, Road No. 8, Dalian 116620, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guowei","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Software, Dalian University of Technology, Road No. 8, Dalian 116620, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tingting","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Navigation, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116620, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7406-2170","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yangyang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Navigation, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116620, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2009.11.008","article-title":"Image scrambling encryption algorithm of pixel bit based on chaos map","volume":"31","author":"Ye","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pattern Recogn. Lett."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1109\/MMUL.2017.3051512","article-title":"Cryptanalyzing an Image-Scrambling Encryption Algorithm of Pixel Bits","volume":"24","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Multimed."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Tang, Z.J. (2017). Image Scrambling Encryption Algorithm Based on Chaotic Mapping. J. Changsha Aeronaut. Vocat. Tech. Coll., 17, (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlaseng.2016.10.012","article-title":"A novel chaotic image encryption algorithm using block scrambling and dynamic index based diffusion","volume":"91","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Opt. Lasers Eng."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"333","article-title":"Image encryption algorithm based on scrambling switching decision mechanism harmony search","volume":"39","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Shenyang Univ. Technol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, J., Yang, D., Zhou, H., and Chen, S. (2017, January 25\u201326). A new image encryption algorithm based on improved logistic map and block-mod algorithm. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE 2nd Advanced Information Technology, Electronic and Automation Control Conference (IAEAC), Chongqing, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/IAEAC.2017.8054434"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Tang, R., Duan, J., and Deng, H. (2017). Image encryption algorithm based on Logistic chaotic sequence and DES. J. Comput. Appl., Available online: http:\/\/en.cnki.com.cn\/Article_en\/CJFDTOTAL-JSJY2017S1019.htm."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Luo, H., Ge, B., Wang, J., and Wu, B. (2018). Dynamic self-feedback chaotic system image encryption based on neural network scrambling image. J. Image Graph., 23, (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5439","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-015-2511-y","article-title":"Cryptanalyzing an image encryption algorithm based on scrambling and Vegin\u00e8re cipher","volume":"75","author":"Zeng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Multimed. Tools Appl."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Cui, Y., and Ding, G. (2016). Chaotic image encryption algorithm based on single image local scrambling and dynamic feedback diffusion. Telecommun. Sci., (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Xie, G., and Yang, B. (2017). Computer Chaos Image Encryption Algorithm Based on Bit Scrambling. Comput. Eng., Available online: http:\/\/en.cnki.com.cn\/Article_en\/CJFDTOTAL-JSJC201707031.htm."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Xie, G.B., and Wang, T. (2016). A Novel Hyperchaotic Image Encryption Algorithm Based on Bit Scrambling. Microelectron. Comput., 33. (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elhoseny, M., Farouk, A., Batle, J., Shehab, A., and Hassanien, A.E. (2018, October 06). Secure Image Processing and Transmission Schema in Cluster-Based Wireless Sensor Network. Available online: https:\/\/www.igi-global.com\/chapter\/secure-image-processing-and-transmission-schema-in-cluster-based-wireless-sensor-network\/180983.","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-5225-2229-4.ch045"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3875","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2016.2536941","article-title":"Energy-Efficient Image Compressive Transmission for Wireless Camera Networks","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1816","DOI":"10.4236\/cs.2016.78156","article-title":"Wireless Transmission Based Image Quality Analysis Using Uni-Level Haar Wavelet Transform","volume":"7","author":"Senthamilselvan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circuits Syst."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ziaullah, M., Shetty, P., and Kamal, S. (2016, January 7\u20139). Image feature based authentication and digital signature for wireless data transmission. Proceedings of the 2016 International Conference on Computer Communication and Informatics (ICCCI), Coimbatore, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCCI.2016.7480009"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-017-4167-6","article-title":"An Efficient Source\u2013Channel Coding for Wireless Image Transmission Over Underwater Acoustic Channel","volume":"96","author":"Ali","year":"2017","journal-title":"Wirel. Pers. Commun."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04EM03","DOI":"10.7567\/JJAP.55.04EM03","article-title":"Wireless image-data transmission from an implanted image sensor through a living mouse brain by intra body communication","volume":"55","author":"Hayami","year":"2016","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-ipr.2016.0779","article-title":"Discrete image data transmission in heterogeneous wireless network using vertical handover mechanism","volume":"11","author":"Salwe","year":"2017","journal-title":"IET Image Process."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Rahman, A.M.A. (2018, October 06). Color Image Transmission on MIMO MC-CDMA Wireless Communication System. Available online: https:\/\/www.lap-publishing.com\/catalog\/details\/\/store\/gb\/book\/978-3-659-88252-4\/color-image-transmission-on-mimo-mc-cdma-wireless-communication-system."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"187","article-title":"Optical Wireless Transmission under Static Image Information Hiding Method Exhibits the Simulation","volume":"34","author":"Zhu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput. Simul."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"48","article-title":"A High-speed Image Two-Scrambling Encryption Algorithm Based on Self-Generating Unit Matrix Model m","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Technol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Niu, Y.J., and Zhao, Y.F. (2013). New Image Scrambling Hiding Algorithm Based on Chaotic Proliferation Encryption. Comput. Modern., Available online: http:\/\/en.cnki.com.cn\/Article_en\/CJFDTOTAL-JYXH201306027.htm."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Fan, Y., and Liu, D. (2013). Digital Image Random Scrambling Encryption Algorithm Based on Chaotic System. J. Anyang Inst. Technol., (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlaseng.2012.08.004","article-title":"Image encryption algorithm by using fractional Fourier transform and pixel scrambling operation based on double random phase encoding","volume":"51","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Opt. Lasers Eng."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1166\/asfo.2014.1072","article-title":"Cryptanalysis of an Image Encryption Algorithm Based on Chaotic Modulation of Arnold Dual Scrambling and DNA Computing","volume":"2","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Sci. Focus"},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Yang, B., Deng, C., Wu, P., Xi, J., and Shi, L. (2014, January 27\u201329). Image encryption algorithm based on two-one-dimension logistic chaotic inter-scrambling systems and m-sequence. Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE 5th International Conference on Software Engineering and Service Science, Beijing, China."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"2317","article-title":"A Novel Image Encryption Using Calligraphy Based Scan Method and Random Number","volume":"9","author":"Sivakumar","year":"2015","journal-title":"KSII Trans. Internet Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Lai, Q.M. (2015). Validation of Image Encryption Algorithm Based on Arnold Transform. Electron. Qual., Available online: http:\/\/en.cnki.com.cn\/Article_en\/CJFDTotal-DZZN201506010.htm."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.4018\/IJCINI.2015040105","article-title":"Improved Encryption Algorithm of Images Based on Three-Dimensional Chaos","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Cogn. Inform. Nat. Intell."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1109\/TCC.2015.2511769","article-title":"Secure Tensor Decomposition Using Fully Homomorphic Encryption Scheme","volume":"6","author":"Kuang","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Cloud Comput."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13951","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-015-2973-y","article-title":"A secure image encryption scheme based on chaotic maps and affine transformation","volume":"75","author":"Ahmad","year":"2016","journal-title":"Multimed. Tools Appl."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"3753","article-title":"Big Data Analysis-Based Security Situational Awareness for Smart Grid","volume":"33","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Intell. Fuzzy Syst."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-016-2258-z","article-title":"Evaluation of sampling method effects in 3D non-rigid registration","volume":"28","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neural Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpdc.2017.09.004","article-title":"AccessAuth: Capacity-aware security access authentication in federated-IoT-enabled V2G networks","volume":"118","author":"Tao","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Parallel Distrib. Comput."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlaseng.2013.12.003","article-title":"Chaos-based image encryption using a hybrid genetic algorithm and a DNA sequence","volume":"56","author":"Enayatifar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Opt. Lasers Eng."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"1","article-title":"A novel image encryption based on Lorenz equation, Gingerbreadman chaotic map and S8 permutation","volume":"33","author":"Khan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Intell. Fuzzy Syst."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21482","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2825250","article-title":"Construction of Large-Scale Low Cost Deliver Infrastructure using Vehicular Networks","volume":"6","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/10\/3430\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:25:19Z","timestamp":1760196319000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/10\/3430"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,12]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10]]}},"alternative-id":["s18103430"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s18103430","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,12]]}}}