{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T08:18:46Z","timestamp":1776500326471,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,15]],"date-time":"2018-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1539561600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Kamin, Israel Innovation Authority","award":["57970"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["57970"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Oxygen saturation in arterial blood (SaO2) provides information about the performance of the respiratory system. Non-invasive measurement of SaO2 by commercial pulse oximeters (SpO2) make use of photoplethysmographic pulses in the red and infrared regions and utilizes the different spectra of light absorption by oxygenated and de-oxygenated hemoglobin. Because light scattering and optical path-lengths differ between the two wavelengths, commercial pulse oximeters require empirical calibration which is based on SaO2 measurement in extracted arterial blood. They are still prone to error, because the path-lengths difference between the two wavelengths varies among different subjects. We have developed modified pulse oximetry, which makes use of two nearby infrared wavelengths that have relatively similar scattering constants and path-lengths and does not require an invasive calibration step. In measurements performed on adults during breath holding, the two-infrared pulse oximeter and a commercial pulse oximeter showed similar changes in SpO2. The two pulse oximeters showed similar accuracy when compared to SaO2 measurement in extracted arterial blood (the gold standard) performed in intensive care units on newborns and children with an arterial line. Errors in SpO2 because of variability in path-lengths difference between the two wavelengths are expected to be smaller in the two-infrared pulse oximeter.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18103457","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,15]],"date-time":"2018-10-15T03:43:01Z","timestamp":1539574981000},"page":"3457","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Pulse Oximetry with Two Infrared Wavelengths without Calibration in Extracted Arterial Blood"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Ohad","family":"Yossef Hay","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics\/Electro-Optics Engineering, Jerusalem College of Technology, 21 Havaad Haleumi St., 91160 Jerusalem, Israel"},{"name":"Department of Electro-Optical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev. 1 Ben-Gurion Blvd, 8410501 Beer Sheva, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Meir","family":"Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics\/Electro-Optics Engineering, Jerusalem College of Technology, 21 Havaad Haleumi St., 91160 Jerusalem, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Itamar","family":"Nitzan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Shmuel Bait St 12, 9103102 Jerusalem, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yair","family":"Kasirer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Shmuel Bait St 12, 9103102 Jerusalem, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarit","family":"Shahroor-karni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Shmuel Bait St 12, 9103102 Jerusalem, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4974-9683","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yitzhak","family":"Yitzhaky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electro-Optical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev. 1 Ben-Gurion Blvd, 8410501 Beer Sheva, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8190-1860","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shlomo","family":"Engelberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Jerusalem College of Technology, 21 Havaad Haleumi St., 91160 Jerusalem, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Meir","family":"Nitzan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics\/Electro-Optics Engineering, Jerusalem College of Technology, 21 Havaad Haleumi St., 91160 Jerusalem, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200003000-00017","article-title":"Evidence for the need of bedside accuracy of pulse oximetry in an intensive care unit","volume":"28","author":"Seguin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Crit. 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