{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T09:37:49Z","timestamp":1774690669606,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,20]],"date-time":"2018-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1539993600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003329","name":"Ministerio de Econom\u00eda y Competitividad","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SEMOLA (TEC2015-68284-R)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SEMOLA (TEC2015-68284-R)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014440","name":"Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["VACADENA (RTC-2017-6031-2)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VACADENA (RTC-2017-6031-2)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Resource consumption in residential areas requires novel contributions in the field of consumer information management and collaborative mechanisms for the exchange of resources, in order to optimize the overall consumption of the community. We propose an authorization system to facilitate access to consumer information and resource trading, based on blockchain technology. Our proposal is oriented to the Smart communities, an evolution of Community Energy Management Systems, in which communities are involved in the monitoring and coordination of resource consumption. The proposed environment allows a more reliable management of monitoring and authorization functions, with secure data access and storage and delegation of controller functions among householders. We provide the definition of virtual assets for energy and water resource sharing as an auction, which encourages the optimization of global consumption and saves resources. The proposed solution is implemented and validated in application scenarios that demonstrate the suitability of the defined consensus mechanism, trustworthiness in the level of provided security for resource monitoring and delegation and reduction on resource consumption by the resource trading contribution.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18103561","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,23]],"date-time":"2018-10-23T08:43:36Z","timestamp":1540284216000},"page":"3561","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":71,"title":["A Blockchain-Based Authorization System for Trustworthy Resource Monitoring and Trading in Smart Communities"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1183-9579","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ramon","family":"Alcarria","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda Topogr\u00e1fica y Cartograf\u00eda, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, UPM Campus Sur, Km 7.5 de la Autov\u00eda de Valencia, 28031 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7815-5924","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Borja","family":"Bordel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda de Sistemas Telem\u00e1ticos, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, Avenida Complutense no. 30, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6940-8421","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tom\u00e1s","family":"Robles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda de Sistemas Telem\u00e1ticos, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, Avenida Complutense no. 30, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8810-0695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diego","family":"Mart\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda de Sistemas Telem\u00e1ticos, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, Avenida Complutense no. 30, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2307-8639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel-\u00c1ngel","family":"Manso-Callejo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda Topogr\u00e1fica y Cartograf\u00eda, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, UPM Campus Sur, Km 7.5 de la Autov\u00eda de Valencia, 28031 Madrid, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hahn, A., Singh, R., Liu, C.-C., and Chen, S. (2017, January 23\u201326). Smart Contract-Based Campus Demonstration of Decentralized Transactive Energy Auctions. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE Power & Energy Society Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference (ISGT), Washington, DC, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISGT.2017.8086092"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ronen, E., and Shamir, A. (2016, January 21\u201324). Extended Functionality Attacks on IoT Devices: The Case of Smart Lights. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE European Symposium on Security and Privacy (EuroS&P), Saarbrucken, Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/EuroSP.2016.13"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Oleros, F.X., and Zhegu, M. (2015). Blockchain Technology: Principles and Applications. Research Handbook on Digital Transformations, Edward Elgar."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bordel, B., Alcarria, R., Mart\u00edn, D., and S\u00e1nchez-Picot, \u00c1. (2018, October 18). Trust Provision in the Internet of Things Using Transversal Blockchain Networks. Available online: http:\/\/autosoftjournal.net\/paperShow.php?paper=100000052.","DOI":"10.31209\/2018.100000052"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1109\/TCE.2013.6626228","article-title":"Wireless Sensor Network and Stochastic Models for Household Power Management","volume":"59","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Consum. Electron."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1109\/TCE.2012.6170051","article-title":"Disaggregation of Home Energy Display Data Using Probabilistic Approach","volume":"58","author":"Zeifman","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Consum. Electron."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1109\/TCE.2015.7064107","article-title":"Home Appliance Load Disaggregation Using Cepstrum-Smoothing-Based Method","volume":"61","author":"Kong","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Consum. Electron."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/TCE.2016.7448556","article-title":"An Integrated Cloud-Based Smart Home Management System with Community Hierarchy","volume":"62","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Consum. Electron."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1109\/TCE.2013.6531113","article-title":"Electric Vehicle Charging Method for Smart Homes\/Buildings with a Photovoltaic System","volume":"59","author":"Wi","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Consum. Electron."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pop, C., Cioara, T., Antal, M., Anghel, I., Salomie, I., Bertoncini, M., Pop, C., Cioara, T., Antal, M., and Anghel, I. (2018). Blockchain Based Decentralized Management of Demand Response Programs in Smart Energy Grids. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18010162"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcss.2014.12.023","article-title":"Incentive-Based Resource Assignment and Regulation for Collaborative Cloud Services in Community Networks","volume":"81","author":"Khan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Comput. Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, J., Shin, Y., and Lee, I. (2017, January 18\u201320). Energy Trading System of Distributed Resources. Proceedings of the 2017 International Conference on Information and Communication Technology Convergence (ICTC), Jeju, Korea.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICTC.2017.8190876"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdella, J., and Shuaib, K. (2018). Peer to Peer Distributed Energy Trading in Smart Grids: A Survey. Energies, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/en11061560"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"646","article-title":"Peer Review: Toward a Blockchain-Enabled Market-Based Ecosystem","volume":"42","author":"Avital","year":"2018","journal-title":"Commun. Assoc. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, L., Lee, S., Chang, H., Park, L.W., Lee, S., and Chang, H. (2018). A Sustainable Home Energy Prosumer-Chain Methodology with Energy Tags over the Blockchain. Sustainability, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/su10030658"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Davis, N. (2018, October 18). Blockchain for the Connected Home: Combining Security and Flexibility. Available online: https:\/\/labs.comcast.com\/blockchain-for-the-connected-home-combining-security-and-flexibility."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gatteschi, V., Lamberti, F., Demartini, C., Pranteda, C., and Santamar\u00eda, V. (2018). Blockchain and Smart Contracts for Insurance: Is the Technology Mature Enough?. Future Internet, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/fi10020020"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, J. (2018). Patch Transporter: Incentivized, Decentralized Software Patch System for WSN and IoT Environments. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18020574"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hong, Z., Wang, Z., Cai, W., and Leung, V.C.M. (2017). Blockchain-Empowered Fair Computational Resource Sharing System in the D2D Network. Future Internet, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/fi9040085"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, Y.-P., Petway, J.R., Anthony, J., Mukhtar, H., Liao, S.-W., Chou, C.-F., and Ho, Y.-F. (2017). Blockchain: The Evolutionary Next Step for ICT E-Agriculture. Environments, 4.","DOI":"10.3390\/environments4030050"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dhillon, V., Metcalf, D., and Hooper, M. (2017). Ethereum Tokens: High-Performance Computing. Blockchain Enabled Applications, Apress.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4842-3081-7"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"34","article-title":"A Reliable Incentive Scheme Using Bitcoin on Cooperative Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks","volume":"5","author":"Park","year":"2017","journal-title":"IT Converg. Pract."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2204","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2017.2777990","article-title":"CreditCoin: A Privacy-Preserving Blockchain-Based Incentive Announcement Network for Communications of Smart Vehicles","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bergquist, J., Laszka, A., Sturm, M., and Dubey, A. (2017, January 11\u201315). On the Design of Communication and Transaction Anonymity in Blockchain-Based Transactive Microgrids. Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Scalable and Resilient Infrastructures for Distributed Ledgers-SERIAL\u201917, Las Vegas, NV, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/3152824.3152827"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Castellanos, J.A.F., Coll-Mayor, D., and Notholt, J.A. (2017, January 14\u201317). Cryptocurrency as Guarantees of Origin: Simulating a Green Certificate Market with the Ethereum Blockchain. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE International Conference on Smart Energy Grid Engineering (SEGE), Oshawa, ON, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/SEGE.2017.8052827"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bentov, I., Gabizon, A., and Mizrahi, A. (2016). Cryptocurrencies Without Proof of Work, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-53357-4_10"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dhillon, V., Metcalf, D., and Hooper, M. (2017). Recent Developments in Blockchain. Blockchain Enabled Applications, Apress.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4842-3081-7"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"(2018, August 22). LO3 Energy Homepage. Available online: https:\/\/lo3energy.com\/."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"(2018, August 22). Power Ledger (POWR) Whitepaper. Available online: https:\/\/whitepaperdatabase.com\/power-ledger-powr-whitepaper\/."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"(2018, August 22). Grid Singularity Homepage. Available online: https:\/\/gridsingularity.com\/."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rahulamathavan, Y., Phan, R.C.-W., Rajarajan, M., Misra, S., and Kondoz, A. (2017, January 17\u201320). Privacy-Preserving Blockchain Based IoT Ecosystem Using Attribute-Based Encryption. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE International Conference on Advanced Networks and Telecommunications Systems (ANTS), Bhubaneswar, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ANTS.2017.8384164"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ateniese, G., Magri, B., Venturi, D., and Andrade, E. (2017, January 26\u201328). Redactable Blockchain \u2013 or \u2013 Rewriting History in Bitcoin and Friends. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE European Symposium on Security and Privacy (EuroS&P), Paris, France.","DOI":"10.1109\/EuroSP.2017.37"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17545","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2805837","article-title":"A Blockchain Based Privacy-Preserving Incentive Mechanism in Crowdsensing Applications","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cha, S.-C., Tsai, T.-Y., Peng, W.-C., Huang, T.-C., and Hsu, T.-Y. (2017, January 24\u201327). Privacy-Aware and Blockchain Connected Gateways for Users to Access Legacy IoT Devices. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE 6th Global Conference on Consumer Electronics (GCCE), Nagoya, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/GCCE.2017.8229327"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Banerjee, A., and Joshi, K.P. (2017, January 11\u201314). Link before You Share: Managing Privacy Policies through Blockchain. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (Big Data), Boston, MA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/BigData.2017.8258482"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2014.01.014","article-title":"A Survey on Trust Management for Internet of Things","volume":"42","author":"Yan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Netw. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Idelberger, F., Governatori, G., Riveret, R., and Sartor, G. (2016). Evaluation of Logic-Based Smart Contracts for Blockchain Systems, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-42019-6_11"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmcj.2014.05.001","article-title":"Rule-Based Approaches for Energy Savings in an Ambient Intelligence Environment","volume":"19","author":"Stavropoulos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pervasive Mob. Comput."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bordel, B., Miguel, C., Alcarria, R., and Robles, T. (2018). A Hardware-Supported Algorithm for Self-Managed and Choreographed Task Execution in Sensor Networks. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18030812"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schnorr, C.P., and Jakobsson, M. (2000). Security of Signed ElGamal Encryption, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-44448-3_7"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1109\/TCE.2017.014849","article-title":"Rule-Based Monitoring and Coordination of Resource Consumption in Smart Communities","volume":"63","author":"Alcarria","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Consum. Electron."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, F., Cecchetti, E., Croman, K., Juels, A., and Shi, E. (2016, January 24\u201328). Town Crier: An Authenticated Data Feed for Smart Contracts. Proceedings of the 2016 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security-CCS\u201916, Vienna, Austria.","DOI":"10.1145\/2976749.2978326"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, T., Song, L., Han, Z., Cheng, X., and Jiao, B. (2012, January 10\u201315). Power Allocation Using Vickrey Auction and Sequential First-Price Auction Games for Physical Layer Security in Cognitive Relay Networks. Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), Ottawa, ON, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2012.6364491"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.4316\/JACSM.201801007","article-title":"The Evolution of the Processing Power Needed by the Primary Cryptocurrencies and Its Profit","volume":"12","author":"Sfichi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Appl. Comput. Sci. Math."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"De Angelis, S., Aniello, L., Baldoni, R., Lombardi, F., Margheri, A., and Sassone, V. (2018). PBFT vs Proof-of-Authority: Applying the CAP Theorem to Permissioned Blockchain. Italian Conference on Cyber Security, Springer."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"23","article-title":"CAP Twelve Years Later: How the \u2018Rules\u2019 Have Changed","volume":"45","author":"Brewer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Computer (Long. Beach. Calif)"},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Per Capita Water Use (2018, August 23). Water Questions and Answers, Available online: https:\/\/water.usgs.gov\/edu\/qa-home-percapita.html."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/10\/3561\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:26:57Z","timestamp":1760196417000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/10\/3561"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,20]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10]]}},"alternative-id":["s18103561"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s18103561","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,20]]}}}