{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:05:52Z","timestamp":1760241952973,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,21]],"date-time":"2018-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1540080000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Cochlear AG, European Headquarters, Switzerland","award":["454102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["454102"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Background: The measurement of intracochlear sound pressure (ICSP) is relevant to obtain better understanding of the biomechanics of hearing. The goal of this work was a proof of concept of a partially implantable intracochlear acoustic receiver (ICAR) fulfilling all requirements for acute ICSP measurements in a large animal. The ICAR was designed not only to be used in chronic animal experiments but also as a microphone for totally implantable cochlear implants (TICI). (2) Methods: The ICAR concept was based on a commercial MEMS condenser microphone customized with a protective diaphragm that provided a seal and optimized geometry for accessing the cochlea. The ICAR was validated under laboratory conditions and using in-vivo experiments in sheep. (3) Results: For the first time acute ICSP measurements were successfully performed in a live specimen that is representative of the anatomy and physiology of the human. Data obtained are in agreement with published data from cadavers. The surgeons reported high levels of ease of use and satisfaction with the system design. (4) Conclusions: Our results confirm that the developed ICAR can be used to measure ICSP in acute experiments. The next generation of the ICAR will be used in chronic sheep experiments and in TICI.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18103565","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,23]],"date-time":"2018-10-23T08:43:36Z","timestamp":1540284216000},"page":"3565","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Proof of Concept for an Intracochlear Acoustic Receiver for Use in Acute Large Animal Experiments"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3937-1266","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Flurin","family":"Pfiffner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland"}]},{"given":"Lukas","family":"Prochazka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland"}]},{"given":"Ivo","family":"Dobrev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland"}]},{"given":"Karina","family":"Klein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland"}]},{"given":"Patrizia","family":"Sulser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland"}]},{"given":"Dominik","family":"P\u00e9us","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland"}]},{"given":"Jae Hoon","family":"Sim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland"}]},{"given":"Adrian","family":"Dalbert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2425-9792","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christof","family":"R\u00f6\u00f6sli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6062-9076","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dominik","family":"Obrist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ARTORG Center, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8888-8483","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Huber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1038\/990092","article-title":"Direct measurement of intra-cochlear pressure waves","volume":"402","author":"Olson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/s10162-008-0150-y","article-title":"Differential intracochlear sound pressure measurements in normal human temporal bones","volume":"10","author":"Nakajima","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Res. Otolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6059479","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/6059479","article-title":"Differential intracochlear sound pressure measurements in human temporal bones with an off-the-shelf sensor","volume":"2016","author":"Grossohmichen","year":"2016","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zwicker, E., and Terhardt, E. (1974). Measurements of sound pressure in the cochleae of anesthetized cats. Facts and Models in Hearing, Proceedings of the Symposium on Psychophysical Models and Physiological Facts in Hearing, Tutzing, Germany, 22\u201326 April 1974, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-65902-7"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-5955(80)90057-X","article-title":"Intracochlear sound pressure measurements in guinea pigs","volume":"2","author":"Dancer","year":"1980","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2431","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2016.2640447","article-title":"A mems condenser microphone-based intracochlear acoustic receiver","volume":"64","author":"Pfiffner","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Bio-Med. Eng."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2754","DOI":"10.1121\/1.418563","article-title":"Sound-pressure measurements in the cochlear vestibule of human-cadaver ears","volume":"101","author":"Puria","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"1","article-title":"Experimental study on the perilymphatic pressure","volume":"3","author":"Nagahara","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am. J. Otol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1918421","article-title":"Post-mortem acoustic impedance of human ears","volume":"35","author":"Zwislocki","year":"1963","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1646","DOI":"10.1121\/1.395156","article-title":"Acoustic transfer characteristics in human middle ears studied by a squid magnetometer method","volume":"82","author":"Brenkman","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5955(00)00200-8","article-title":"Effect of freezing and thawing on stapes-cochlear input impedance in human temporal bones","volume":"150","author":"Ravicz","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1676","DOI":"10.1121\/1.385200","article-title":"Sound pressures in the basal turn of the cat cochlea","volume":"68","author":"Nedzelnitsky","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5955(97)00015-4","article-title":"Reverse middle-ear transfer function in the guinea pig measured with cubic difference tones","volume":"107","author":"Magnan","year":"1997","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2012.11.014","article-title":"Evidence of inner ear contribution in bone conduction in chinchilla","volume":"301","author":"Chhan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0000000000000921","article-title":"Lamb temporal bone as a surgical training model of round window cochlear implant electrode insertion","volume":"37","author":"Mantokoudis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Otol. Neurotol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0b013e318248ee3a","article-title":"Sheep as a large animal model for middle and inner ear implantable hearing devices: A feasibility study in cadavers","volume":"33","author":"Schnabl","year":"2012","journal-title":"Otol. Neurotol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2017.12.015","article-title":"In-vitro and in-vivo measurement of the animal\u2019s middle ear acoustical response by partially implantable fiber-optic sensing system","volume":"103","author":"Djinovic","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2017.06.002","article-title":"Sheep as a large animal ear model: Middle-ear ossicular velocities and intracochlear sound pressure","volume":"351","author":"Peus","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Walraevens, J., Wiskerke, P., Paris, F., Huber, A., Prochazka, L., and Obrist, D. (WO2015068136 A1, 2015). Cochlear Implant Electrode Array Including Receptor and Sensor, WO2015068136 A1."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.20218","article-title":"Morphometric study of the external and middle ear anatomy in sheep: A possible model for ear experiments","volume":"19","author":"Seibel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Anat."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/S1808-8694(15)30971-X","article-title":"Ct-scan sheep and human inner ear morphometric comparison","volume":"72","author":"Seibel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Braz. J. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1918228","article-title":"Hydrophone calibration in a vibrating column of liquid","volume":"34","author":"Schloss","year":"1962","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/10\/3565\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:26:59Z","timestamp":1760196419000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/10\/3565"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,21]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10]]}},"alternative-id":["s18103565"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s18103565","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,21]]}}}