{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:05:21Z","timestamp":1760241921772,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,25]],"date-time":"2018-10-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1540425600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"China National Science and Technology Infrastructure Program","award":["No. 2012BAH36B02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 2012BAH36B02"]}]},{"name":"State Key Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["No. 61231006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 61231006"]}]},{"name":"Key Project of the Maritime Safety Administration of China","award":["2016-04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016-04"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In order to remedy the inadequacy of the sources of differential corrections in current automatic identification system (AIS) and to improve the positioning accuracy of AIS mobile stations using single-point positioning, a differential correction approach for AIS mobile stations based on the continuously operating reference station (CORS) network is proposed. In the approach, AIS server derives real-time pseudo-range differential corrections from each reference station in CORS network and generates the corrections for AIS mobile stations. Then AIS base stations transmit these differential corrections to mobile stations using broadcast or addressed binary messages for positioning. Load analysis and testing show that this approach can effectively meet the need for differential corrections for most AIS mobile stations under the condition that the occupancy rate of the AIS channel is less than 1% when using broadcast binary messages. In addition, since this method is based on the existing CORS network, it is straightforward to implement in engineering projects and does not require additional hardware upgrades to the existing differential global positioning system (DGPS) and AIS infrastructure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18113626","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,26]],"date-time":"2018-10-26T03:16:16Z","timestamp":1540523776000},"page":"3626","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["A CORS-Based Differential Correction Approach for AIS Mobile Stations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8569-044X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qing","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Information Science and Technology College, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Linlin","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Information Science and Technology College, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xinyu","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Information Science and Technology College, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28574","DOI":"10.3390\/s151128574","article-title":"Development of an Automatic Identification System Autonomous Positioning System","volume":"15","author":"Hu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, Y., Zhang, S., Yang, D., and Zheng, K. (2015, January 28\u201330). A New Positioning Algorithm for Localization in Automatic Identification System. Proceedings of the Society of Instrument and Control Engineers of Japan (SICE), Hangzhou, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/SICE.2015.7285397"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Wang, J., Nie, J., and Wang, Y. (2015, January 18\u201320). The Design and Application of AIS Data Communication and Transfer Device. Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering & Technology (ICETET), Kobe, Japan."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, J., Peng, G., Ke, R., Zhang, X., Chen, C., Yang, G., and Chen, P. (2010, January 4\u20136). Development of Oilot Carry-Aboard Wi-Fi Transmitter Hooked in AIS Employing DGPS. Proceedings of the Location and Navigation Symposium, Indian Wells, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/PLANS.2010.5507288"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2015.2465141","article-title":"A Novel Approach for Improved Vehicular Positioning Uskey Cooperative Map Matching and Dynamic Base Station DGPS Concept","volume":"17","author":"Rohani","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rohani, M., Gingras, D., and Gruyer, D. (2014, January 3\u20137). Dynamic Base Station DGPS for Cooperative Vehicle Localization. Proceedings of the International Conference on Connected Vehicles and Expo (ICCVE), Vienna, Austria.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCVE.2014.7297658"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, J.W., Lee, D.K., Cao, S.B., and Lee, S.S. (2014, January 19\u201321). Availability Evaluation and Development of Network-RTK for Vehicle in Downtown. Proceedings of the International Conference on Information and Communication Technology Convergence (ICTC), Busan, Korea.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICTC.2014.6983210"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"296","article-title":"Design on AIS Data Link Regional Differential GPS \/COMPASS Precision-Navigation System","volume":"47","author":"ZHANG","year":"2014","journal-title":"Commun. Technol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2214","DOI":"10.1109\/TCYB.2014.2367499","article-title":"A Memetic Algorithm for the Location-Based Continuously Operating Reference Stations Placement Problem in Network Real-Time Kinematic","volume":"45","author":"Tang","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Cybern."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, S., Liang, Y., Yang, X., and Liu, L. (2010, January 25\u201327). Network Communication Between CORS Base Station and Control Center. Proceedings of the International Conference On Computer Design and Applications, Qinhuangdao, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCDA.2010.5540723"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"2421","article-title":"Dense regional active networks and high accuracy positioning services. A case study based on the Andalusian Positioning Network (Southern Spain)","volume":"6","author":"Garrido","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Strange, W., and Weston, N. (1995, January 18\u201320). The Establishment of a GPS Continuously Operating Reference Station System as a Framework for the National Spatial Reference System. Proceedings of the 1995 National Technical Meeting of The Institute of Navigation, Anaheim, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"(2018, July 11). RTCM 10403.3, Differential GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite Systems) Services-Version 3 (October 7, 2016). Available online: http:\/\/www.rtcm.org\/differential-global-navigation-satellite\u2013dgnss\u2013standards.html."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"277","article-title":"Comparison of Interpolation Algorithms in Network-Based GPS Techniques","volume":"4","author":"Dai","year":"2004","journal-title":"Navigation"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Chen, H.Y. (2000, January 19\u201322). An Instantaneous Ambiguity Resolution Procedure Suitable for Medium-Scale GPS Reference Station Networks. Proceedings of the 13th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation, Salt Lake City, UT, USA."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Wanninger, L. (1999, January 14\u201317). The Performance of Virtual Reference Stations in Active Geodetic GPS-Networks under Solar Maximum Conditions. Proceedings of the 12th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of The Institute of Navigation, Nashville, TN, USA."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"W\u00fcbbena, G., Bagge, A., Seeber, G., B\u00f6der, V., and Hankemeier, P. (1996, January 17\u201320). Reducing Distance Dependent Errors for Real-Time Precise DGPS Applications by Establishing Reference Station Networks. Proceedings of the 9th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of The Institute of Navigation, Kansas, MO, USA."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Gao, Y., Li, Z., and McLellan, J.F. (1997, January 16\u201319). Carrier Phase Based Regional Area Differential GPS for Decimeter-Level Positioning and Navigation. Proceedings of the 10th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of The Institute of Navigation, Kansas, MO, USA."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Gao, Y., and Li, Z. (1998, January 15\u201318). Ionosphere Effect and Modelling for Regional Area Differential GPS Network. Proceedings of the 11th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of The Institute of Navigation, Nashville, TN, USA."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"316","article-title":"Method of Decimeter Level Pseudo-Range Differential Positioning for GPS Based on Multiple Reference Stations","volume":"40","author":"Deng","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Southeast Univ."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/11\/3626\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:26:13Z","timestamp":1760196373000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/11\/3626"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,25]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]}},"alternative-id":["s18113626"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s18113626","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,25]]}}}