{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T18:14:47Z","timestamp":1786040087604,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,26]],"date-time":"2018-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1540512000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A passive harmonic tag for buried assets localization is presented for utility localization. The tag design is based on a dual-polarized patch antenna at Ultra High Frequency (UHF) band. One of its feeders is connected to a frequency doubler based on a Schottky diode that generates the second harmonic, which is transmitted using a linear-polarized patch tuned at this frequency. The power received at the other feeder of the dual-polarized antenna is harvested by an RF to DC converter based on a five-stage voltage multiplier whose energy is used to bias a low-power quartz oscillator that modulates the output of the doubler. The different parts of the system are presented, and the theoretical read range is estimated as a function of the soil composition and the water content. A low-cost reader based on a software defined radio is also presented. Finally, experiments with a prototype of the tag are performed for different soil conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18113635","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,26]],"date-time":"2018-10-26T10:51:01Z","timestamp":1540551061000},"page":"3635","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Passive Harmonic RFID System for Buried Assets Localization"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Abanob","family":"Abdelnour","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Conception et d\u2019Int\u00e9gration des Syst\u00e8mes (LCIS), University Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble INP, 26000 Valence, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3160-5777","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Lazaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics, Electrics and Automatic Control Engineering, Rovira i Virgili University, 43007 Tarragona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9692-8943","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ram\u00f3n","family":"Villarino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics, Electrics and Automatic Control Engineering, Rovira i Virgili University, 43007 Tarragona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darine","family":"Kaddour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Conception et d\u2019Int\u00e9gration des Syst\u00e8mes (LCIS), University Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble INP, 26000 Valence, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Smail","family":"Tedjini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Conception et d\u2019Int\u00e9gration des Syst\u00e8mes (LCIS), University Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble INP, 26000 Valence, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Girbau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics, Electrics and Automatic Control Engineering, Rovira i Virgili University, 43007 Tarragona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tust.2007.06.001","article-title":"Underground asset location and condition assessment technologies","volume":"22","author":"Costello","year":"2007","journal-title":"Tunn. 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