{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:05:30Z","timestamp":1760241930500,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,27]],"date-time":"2018-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1540598400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We have developed a direct time-of-flight (TOF) 250 m ranging Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) image sensor (CIS) based on a 688 \u00d7 384 pixels array of vertical avalanche photodiodes (VAPD). Each pixel of the CIS comprises VAPD with a standard four transistor pixel circuit equipped with an analogue capacitor to accumulate or count avalanche pulses. High power near infrared (NIR) short (&lt;50 ns) and repetitive (6 kHz) laser pulses are illuminated through a diffusing optics. By globally gating the VAPD, each pulse is counted in the in-pixel counter enabling extraction of sub-photon level signal. Depth map imaging with a 10 cm lateral resolution is realized from 1 m to 250 m range by synthesizing subranges images of photon counts. Advantages and limitation of an in-pixel circuit are described. The developed CIS is expected to supersede insufficient resolution of the conventional light detection and ranging (LiDAR) systems and the short range of indirect CIS TOF.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18113642","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,29]],"date-time":"2018-10-29T11:10:41Z","timestamp":1540811441000},"page":"3642","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["A 250 m Direct Time-of-Flight Ranging System Based on a Synthesis of Sub-Ranging Images and a Vertical Avalanche Photo-Diodes (VAPD) CMOS Image Sensor"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Yutaka","family":"Hirose","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Panasonic Corporation, 1 Kotari-yakemachi, Nagaokakyo City, Kyoto 617-8520, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shinzo","family":"Koyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Panasonic Corporation, 1 Kotari-yakemachi, Nagaokakyo City, Kyoto 617-8520, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Motonori","family":"Ishii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Panasonic Corporation, 1 Kotari-yakemachi, Nagaokakyo City, Kyoto 617-8520, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shigeru","family":"Saitou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Panasonic Corporation, 1 Kotari-yakemachi, Nagaokakyo City, Kyoto 617-8520, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masato","family":"Takemoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Panasonic Corporation, 1 Kotari-yakemachi, Nagaokakyo City, Kyoto 617-8520, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yugo","family":"Nose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Panasonic Corporation, 1 Kotari-yakemachi, Nagaokakyo City, Kyoto 617-8520, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Akito","family":"Inoue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Panasonic Corporation, 1 Kotari-yakemachi, Nagaokakyo City, Kyoto 617-8520, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yusuke","family":"Sakata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Panasonic Corporation, 1 Kotari-yakemachi, Nagaokakyo City, Kyoto 617-8520, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuki","family":"Sugiura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Panasonic Corporation, 1 Kotari-yakemachi, Nagaokakyo City, Kyoto 617-8520, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tatsuya","family":"Kabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Panasonic Corporation, 1 Kotari-yakemachi, Nagaokakyo City, Kyoto 617-8520, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manabu","family":"Usuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Panasonic Corporation, 1 Kotari-yakemachi, Nagaokakyo City, Kyoto 617-8520, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shigetaka","family":"Kasuga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Panasonic Corporation, 1 Kotari-yakemachi, Nagaokakyo City, Kyoto 617-8520, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mitsuyoshi","family":"Mori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Panasonic Corporation, 1 Kotari-yakemachi, Nagaokakyo City, Kyoto 617-8520, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Akihiro","family":"Odagawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Panasonic Corporation, 1 Kotari-yakemachi, Nagaokakyo City, Kyoto 617-8520, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tsuyoshi","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Panasonic Corporation, 1 Kotari-yakemachi, Nagaokakyo City, Kyoto 617-8520, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2977","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2008.2006445","article-title":"A 128 \u00d7 128 Single-Photon Image Sensor with Column-Level 10-Bit Time-to-Digital Converter Array","volume":"43","author":"Niclass","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE J. 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