{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T08:46:32Z","timestamp":1773823592746,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,30]],"date-time":"2018-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1540857600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science Center","award":["2014\/15\/N\/ST7\/00735"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2014\/15\/N\/ST7\/00735"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents the results of several studies concerning the effect of temperature on digital cameras. Experiments were performed using three different camera models. The presented results conclusively demonstrate that the typical camera design does not adequately take into account the effect of temperature variation on the device\u2019s performance. In this regard, a modified camera design is proposed that exhibits a highly predictable behavior under varying ambient temperature and facilitates thermal compensation. A novel temperature compensation method is also proposed. This compensation model can be applied in almost every existing camera application, as it is compatible with every camera calibration model. A two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) application of the proposed compensation model is also described. The results of the application of the proposed compensation approach are presented herein.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18113685","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,31]],"date-time":"2018-10-31T03:50:56Z","timestamp":1540957856000},"page":"3685","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Temperature Compensation Method for Digital Cameras in 2D and 3D Measurement Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1062-2690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcin","family":"Adamczyk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Micromechanics and Photonics, Faculty of Mechatronics, Warsaw University of Technology, ul. \u015aw. Andrzeja Boboli 8, 02-525 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Liberadzki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Micromechanics and Photonics, Faculty of Mechatronics, Warsaw University of Technology, ul. \u015aw. Andrzeja Boboli 8, 02-525 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8156-5462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Sitnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Micromechanics and Photonics, Faculty of Mechatronics, Warsaw University of Technology, ul. \u015aw. Andrzeja Boboli 8, 02-525 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlaseng.2009.09.001","article-title":"Fringe projection techniques: Whither we are?","volume":"48","author":"Gorthi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Opt. Lasers Eng."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"056014","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.18.5.056014","article-title":"Lower body kinematics evaluation based on a multidirectional four-dimensional structured light measurement","volume":"18","author":"Lenar","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Opt."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"056015","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.17.5.056015","article-title":"Automatic recognition of surface landmarks of anatomical structures of back and posture","volume":"17","author":"Glinkowski","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Opt."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"537","article-title":"The hybrid coordinate measurement system as a response to industrial requirements","volume":"17","author":"Sitnik","year":"2010","journal-title":"Metrol. Meas. Syst."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.13382","article-title":"Hierarchical, Three-Dimensional Measurement System for investigation Scene Scanning","volume":"62","author":"Adamczyk","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Forensic Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karaszewski, M., Adamczyk, M., Sitnik, R., Micho\u0144ski, J., Za\u0142uski, W., Bunsch, E., and Bolewicki, P. (2013, January 13\u201316). Automated full-3D digitization system for documentation of paintings. Proceedings of the Optics for Arts, Architecture, and Archaeology IV, Munich, Germany.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2020447"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sitnik, R. (2005, January 13\u201317). New method of structure light measurement system calibration based on adaptive and effective evaluation of 3D-phase distribution. Proceedings of the Optical Measurement Systems for Industrial Inspection IV, Munich, Germany.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.613017"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"363","article-title":"Error compensation by sensor re-calibration in fringe projection based optical 3D stereo scanners","volume":"Volume 6979","author":"Notni","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Including Subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics)"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5154","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.53.005154","article-title":"Effect of temperature on calibration quality of structured-light three-dimensional scanners","volume":"53","author":"Adamczyk","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Lichti, D., Skaloud, J., and Schaer, P. (February, January 30). On the calibration strategy of medium format cameras for direct georeferencing. Proceedings of the International Calibration and Orientation Workshop EuroCOW, Castelldefels, Spain."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1111\/0031-868X.00119","article-title":"Principal point behaviour and calibration parameter models for Kodak DCS cameras","volume":"16","author":"Shortis","year":"1998","journal-title":"Photogramm. Rec."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"554","article-title":"The Effect of Temperature Variation on Single Lens Reflex Digital Camera Calibration Parameters","volume":"38","author":"Smith","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jas.2008.06.028","article-title":"Structured light scanning for high-resolution documentation of in situ archaeological finds","volume":"36","author":"McPherron","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Archaeol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roman, C., Inglis, G., and Rutter, J. (2010, January 24\u201327). Application of structured light imaging for high resolution mapping of underwater archaeological sites. Proceedings of the OCEANS10 IEEE SYDNEY, Sydney, Australia.","DOI":"10.1109\/OCEANSSYD.2010.5603672"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Deng, K., Yu, Z., Patnaik, S., and Wang, J. (2018). An Economical High Precision Machine Vision System and Its Performance Test Using Ceramic Substrate. Recent Developments in Mechatronics and Intelligent Robotics, Springer International Publishing."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lenty, B., Kwiek, P., and Sioma, A. (June, January 26). Quality control automation of electric cables using machine vision. Proceedings of the Photonics Applications in Astronomy, Communications, Industry, and High-Energy Physics Experiments 2018, Wilga, Poland.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2501562"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Handel, H. (2007). Analyzing the influences of camera warm-up effects on image acquisition. Computer Vision\u2014 ACCV 2007, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-76390-1_26"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Handel, H. (2008, January 27\u201331). Analyzing the influence of camera temperature on the image acquisition process. Proceedings of the Three-Dimensional Image Capture and Applications 2008, San Jose, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.766442"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Handel, H. (2008, January 26\u201329). Compensation of thermal errors in vision based measurement systems using a system identification approach. Proceedings of the 2008 9th International Conference on Signal Processing, Beijing, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICOSP.2008.4697377"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1007\/s00138-011-0330-3","article-title":"Assessing the influence of temperature variations on the geometrical properties of a low-cost calibrated camera system by using computer vision procedures","volume":"23","author":"Podbreznik","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mach. Vis. Appl."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"115","article-title":"Close Range Calibration of Long Focal Length Lenses in a Changing Environment","volume":"41","author":"Robson","year":"2016","journal-title":"ISPRS Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1330","DOI":"10.1109\/34.888718","article-title":"A flexible new technique for camera calibration","volume":"22","author":"Zhang","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2014.08.011","article-title":"The effects of temperature variation on videometric measurement and a compensation method","volume":"32","author":"Yu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Image Vis. Comput."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1088\/0026-1394\/35\/2\/8","article-title":"Measurement of the refractive index of air and comparison with modified Edl\u00e9n\u2019s formulae","volume":"35","author":"Potulski","year":"1998","journal-title":"Metrologia"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"(2018, October 06). Flir Exx Series Datasheet. Available online: http:\/\/www.flir.com\/uploadedFiles\/Thermography_USA\/Products\/Product_Literature\/flir-e-series-datasheet.pdf."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"(2018, December 06). 8MT160-300\u2014Motorized Delay Line. Available online: http:\/\/www.standa.lt\/products\/catalog\/motorised_positioners?item=61&prod=motorized_delay_line&print=1."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"(2018, November 06). 8MR151\u2014Motorized Rotation Stages. Available online: http:\/\/www.standa.lt\/products\/catalog\/motorised_positioners?item=9&prod=motorized_rotation_stages&print=1."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4293","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.55.004293","article-title":"Accurate calibration method for camera and projector in fringe patterns measurement system","volume":"55","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"(2018, October 07). Flir Grasshopper 2 GigE Vision Datasheet. Available online: https:\/\/www.ptgrey.com\/support\/downloads\/10309."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"(2018, October 07). Factory Automation\/Machine Vision-Fixed Focal. Available online: http:\/\/www.fujifilmusa.com\/shared\/bin\/1.5Mega-Pixel%202.3%201.2.pdf."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"(2018, October 07). The Basler acA2500-14gc GigE Camera with the ON Semiconductor MT9P031. Available online: https:\/\/www.baslerweb.com\/en\/products\/cameras\/area-scan-cameras\/ace\/aca2500-14gc\/."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"(2018, October 07). M23FM12. Available online: http:\/\/www.tamron.biz\/en\/data\/fa\/fa_mg\/m23fm12.html."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"(2018, December 06). OpenCV 2.4.13.3 Documentation. Available online: http:\/\/docs.opencv.org\/2.4\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"(2018, December 06). Single Camera Calibration App\u2014Documentation. Available online: https:\/\/www.mathworks.com\/help\/vision\/ug\/single-camera-calibrator-app.html."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24321","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.24.024321","article-title":"High-accuracy calibration of low-cost camera using image disturbance factor","volume":"24","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"(2018, December 05). ISO 10360-2:2009: Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS)\u2014Acceptance and Reverification Tests for Coordinate Measuring Machines (CMM). Part 2: CMMs Used for Measuring Linear Dimensions. Available online: http:\/\/www.iso.org\/iso\/iso_catalogue\/catalogue_tc\/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=40954."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Press, H.W., Teukolsky, A.S., Vetterling, T.W., and Flannery, P.B. (2007). Numerical Recipes 3rd Edition: The Art of Scientific Computing, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1088\/0026-1394\/13\/1\/004","article-title":"Dimensional Stability of Fused Silica, Invar, and Several Ultra-low Thermal Expansion Materials","volume":"13","author":"Berthold","year":"1977","journal-title":"Metrologia"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ms.19.080189.000423","article-title":"Very Low Thermal Expansion Coefficient Materials","volume":"19","author":"Rustum","year":"1989","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"1275","article-title":"Smoothness and Thermal Stability of Cer-Vit Optical Material","volume":"6","author":"Dietz","year":"1967","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Krause, D., and Bach, H. (2005). Low Thermal Expansion Glass Ceramics, Springer. [2nd ed.]."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/11\/3685\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:26:57Z","timestamp":1760196417000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/11\/3685"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,30]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]}},"alternative-id":["s18113685"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s18113685","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,30]]}}}