{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:05:47Z","timestamp":1760241947984,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,1]],"date-time":"2018-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1541030400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>An acoustic Doppler velocimeter (ADV) was used to analyse the impact of an agricultural sprayer\u2019s agitation system settings on fluid velocities inside the tank. A 3000 L capacity sprayer equipped with a 4-nozzle hydraulic agitation system was used. ADV measurements were carried at 32 points inside the tank under the following settings: circuit pressures of 8, 10, or 12 bar; water level in the tank of 1000, 2000, or 3000 L; 2 or 4 active nozzles. An agitation test with a concentration of 0.4% copper oxychloride was employed to analyse the concentration of active matter as a function of tank fill level and number of active nozzles. All parameters significantly affected the fluid velocity, which increased with increasing pressure, but decreased with increasing water level in the tank and an increased number of active nozzles. Concentration tests showed greater active matter concentrations when higher velocities were recorded by the ADV. The ADV was shown to be a useful tool for the rapid assessment of fluid velocities; in the future, it could be used to validate the design of agitation systems, and to estimate their capacity to ensure an adequate level of active matter concentration in the fluid.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18113715","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,1]],"date-time":"2018-11-01T11:31:47Z","timestamp":1541071907000},"page":"3715","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Application of an Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter to Analyse the Performance of the Hydraulic Agitation System of an Agricultural Sprayer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0227-1934","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F. Javier","family":"Garc\u00eda-Ramos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela Polit\u00e9cnica Superior, University of Zaragoza, 22071 Huesca, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Badules","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela Polit\u00e9cnica Superior, University of Zaragoza, 22071 Huesca, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Bon\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela Polit\u00e9cnica Superior, University of Zaragoza, 22071 Huesca, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3929-5649","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emilio","family":"Gil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda Agroalimentaria y Biotecnolog\u00eda, Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, 08860 Castelldefels, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5859-3361","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A. Javier","family":"Aguirre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CPIFP Montearag\u00f3n, 22071 Huesca, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mariano","family":"Vidal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela Polit\u00e9cnica Superior, University of Zaragoza, 22071 Huesca, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"449","article-title":"Performance of a hydraulic jet agitation system with different jet nozzle sizes in the sprayer tank","volume":"55","author":"Ali","year":"2017","journal-title":"Agronomy"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"ISO (1997). Equipment for Crop Protection\u2014Spraying Equipment\u2014Part 2: Test Methods for Hydraulic Sprayers, International Organization for Standardization. ISO 5682-2."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"ISO (2015). 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