{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T02:01:34Z","timestamp":1780970494859,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,2]],"date-time":"2018-11-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1541116800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Nebraska Foundation","award":["ARD Innovation Fund for Wheat\/Cereal Crops and Wheat\/Cereal Scholarship & Fellowship Support Fund"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ARD Innovation Fund for Wheat\/Cereal Crops and Wheat\/Cereal Scholarship & Fellowship Support Fund"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>As one of the key crop traits, plant height is traditionally evaluated manually, which can be slow, laborious and prone to error. Rapid development of remote and proximal sensing technologies in recent years allows plant height to be estimated in more objective and efficient fashions, while research regarding direct comparisons between different height measurement methods seems to be lagging. In this study, a ground-based multi-sensor phenotyping system equipped with ultrasonic sensors and light detection and ranging (LiDAR) was developed. Canopy heights of 100 wheat plots were estimated five times during a season by the ground phenotyping system and an unmanned aircraft system (UAS), and the results were compared to manual measurements. Overall, LiDAR provided the best results, with a root-mean-square error (RMSE) of 0.05 m and an R2 of 0.97. UAS obtained reasonable results with an RMSE of 0.09 m and an R2 of 0.91. Ultrasonic sensors did not perform well due to our static measurement style. In conclusion, we suggest LiDAR and UAS are reliable alternative methods for wheat height evaluation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18113731","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,5]],"date-time":"2018-11-05T04:26:39Z","timestamp":1541391999000},"page":"3731","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":112,"title":["Wheat Height Estimation Using LiDAR in Comparison to Ultrasonic Sensor and UAS"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6300-2973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenan","family":"Yuan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biological Systems Engineering Department, University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68503, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiating","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biological Systems Engineering Department, University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68503, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4959-0481","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Madhav","family":"Bhatta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68503, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yeyin","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biological Systems Engineering Department, University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68503, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9109-6954","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"P. Stephen","family":"Baenziger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68503, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yufeng","family":"Ge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biological Systems Engineering Department, University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68503, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.2135\/cropsci2016.02.0103","article-title":"Seeding rate, genotype, and topdressed nitrogen effects on yield and agronomic characteristics of winter wheat","volume":"57","author":"Bhatta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crop Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.4141\/P05-144","article-title":"The relationship between lodging and plant height in a diverse wheat population","volume":"86","author":"Navabi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Can. 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