{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T16:24:05Z","timestamp":1774023845911,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,2]],"date-time":"2018-11-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1541116800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007053","name":"Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No. 20181510102160, No. 20161120100350, No. 20172510102130, No. 20161120100350"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 20181510102160, No. 20161120100350, No. 20172510102130, No. 20161120100350"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2016H1D5A1910564"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2016H1D5A1910564"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Estimation of the remaining useful life (RUL) of bearings is important to avoid abrupt shutdowns in rotary machines. An important task in RUL estimation is the construction of a suitable health indicator (HI) to infer the bearing condition. Conventional health indicators rely on features of the vibration acceleration signal and are predominantly calculated without considering its non-stationary nature. This often results in an HI with a trend that is difficult to model, as well as random fluctuations and poor correlation with bearing degradation. Therefore, this paper presents a method for constructing a bearing\u2019s HI by considering the non-stationarity of the vibration acceleration signals. The proposed method employs the discrete wavelet packet transform (DWPT) to decompose the raw signal into different sub-bands. The HI is extracted from each sub-band signal, smoothened using locally weighted regression, and evaluated using a gradient-based method. The HIs showing the best trends among all the sub-bands are iteratively accumulated to construct an HI with the best trend over the entire life of the bearing. The proposed method is tested on two benchmark bearing datasets. The results show that the proposed method yields an HI that correlates well with bearing degradation and is relatively easy to model.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18113740","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,5]],"date-time":"2018-11-05T04:26:39Z","timestamp":1541391999000},"page":"3740","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["A Reliable Health Indicator for Fault Prognosis of Bearings"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9705-320X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bach Phi","family":"Duong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Engineering and Information Technology, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610, Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9594-1457","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sheraz Ali","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Engineering and Information Technology, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610, Korea"}]},{"given":"Dongkoo","family":"Shon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Engineering and Information Technology, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610, Korea"}]},{"given":"Kichang","family":"Im","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICT Convergence Safety Research Center, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610, Korea"}]},{"given":"Jeongho","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Industry IT Convergence Research Group, Intelligent Robotics Research Division, SW Contents Research Laboratory, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI), Daejeon 34129, Korea"}]},{"given":"Dong-Sun","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Industry IT Convergence Research Group, Intelligent Robotics Research Division, SW Contents Research Laboratory, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI), Daejeon 34129, Korea"}]},{"given":"Byungtae","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Industry IT Convergence Research Group, Intelligent Robotics Research Division, SW Contents Research Laboratory, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI), Daejeon 34129, Korea"}]},{"given":"Jong-Myon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Engineering and Information Technology, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610, Korea"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCA.2010.2076396","article-title":"Prognosis of Hybrid Systems with Multiple Incipient Faults: Augmented Global Analytical Redundancy Relations Approach","volume":"41","author":"Yu","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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