{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T17:47:34Z","timestamp":1778262454459,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,5]],"date-time":"2018-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1541376000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM)","award":["Q.J130000.2527.16H05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Q.J130000.2527.16H05"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The main objective of this research was to introduce a novel machine learning algorithm of alternating decision tree (ADTree) based on the multiboost (MB), bagging (BA), rotation forest (RF) and random subspace (RS) ensemble algorithms under two scenarios of different sample sizes and raster resolutions for spatial prediction of shallow landslides around Bijar City, Kurdistan Province, Iran. The evaluation of modeling process was checked by some statistical measures and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC). Results show that, for combination of sample sizes of 60%\/40% and 70%\/30% with a raster resolution of 10 m, the RS model, while, for 80%\/20% and 90%\/10% with a raster resolution of 20 m, the MB model obtained a high goodness-of-fit and prediction accuracy. The RS-ADTree and MB-ADTree ensemble models outperformed the ADTree model in two scenarios. Overall, MB-ADTree in sample size of 80%\/20% with a resolution of 20 m (area under the curve (AUC) = 0.942) and sample size of 60%\/40% with a resolution of 10 m (AUC = 0.845) had the highest and lowest prediction accuracy, respectively. The findings confirm that the newly proposed models are very promising alternative tools to assist planners and decision makers in the task of managing landslide prone areas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18113777","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,5]],"date-time":"2018-11-05T10:43:45Z","timestamp":1541414625000},"page":"3777","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":183,"title":["Novel GIS Based Machine Learning Algorithms for Shallow Landslide Susceptibility Mapping"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9668-8687","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ataollah","family":"Shirzadi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Watershed Sciences Engineering, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Agricultural Science and Natural Resources of Sari, Sari P.O. Box 48181-68984, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karim","family":"Soliamani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Watershed Sciences Engineering, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Agricultural Science and Natural Resources of Sari, Sari P.O. Box 48181-68984, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mahmood","family":"Habibnejhad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Watershed Sciences Engineering, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Agricultural Science and Natural Resources of Sari, Sari P.O. Box 48181-68984, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1767-0708","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ataollah","family":"Kavian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Watershed Sciences Engineering, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Agricultural Science and Natural Resources of Sari, Sari P.O. Box 48181-68984, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9466-665X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kamran","family":"Chapi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rangeland and Watershed Management, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj 66177-15175, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5091-6947","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Himan","family":"Shahabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geomorphology, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj 66177-15175, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geology &amp; Environment, Xi\u2019an University of Science and Technology, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5773-4003","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khabat","family":"Khosravi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Watershed Sciences Engineering, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Agricultural Science and Natural Resources of Sari, Sari P.O. Box 48181-68984, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9707-840X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Binh","family":"Thai Pham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9863-2054","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Biswajeet","family":"Pradhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Advanced Modelling and Geospatial Information Systems (CAMGIS), Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Energy and Mineral Resources Engineering, Choongmu-gwan, Sejong University, 209 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anuar","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geoinformation, Faculty of Geoinformation and Real Estate, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Skudai 81310, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Baharin","family":"Bin Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geoinformation, Faculty of Geoinformation and Real Estate, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Skudai 81310, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5161-6479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dieu","family":"Tien Bui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geographic Information Science Research Group, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam"},{"name":"Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1080\/10106049.2016.1170892","article-title":"Investigation of automatic feature weighting methods (Fisher, Chi-square and Relief-F) for landslide susceptibility mapping","volume":"32","author":"Ipbuker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geocarto Int."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.4236\/jwarp.2015.71002","article-title":"Spatial-temporal dynamics of runoff generation areas in a small agricultural watershed in Southern Ontario","volume":"7","author":"Chapi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. 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