{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T00:07:34Z","timestamp":1781914054074,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,8]],"date-time":"2018-11-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1541635200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010198","name":"Ministerio de Econom\u00eda, Industria y Competitividad, Gobierno de Espa\u00f1a","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TEC2016-79465-R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TEC2016-79465-R"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010198","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this work, an embroidered textile moisture sensor is presented. The sensor is based on a capacitive interdigitated structure embroidered on a cotton substrate with an embroidery conductor yarn composed of 99% pure silver plated nylon yarn 140\/17 dtex. In order to evaluate the sensor sensitivity, the impedance of the sensor has been measured by means of a impedance meter (LCR) from 20 Hz to 20 kHz in a climatic chamber with a sweep of the relative humidity from 25% to 65% at 20 \u00b0C. The experimental results show a clear and controllable dependence of the sensor impedance with the relative humidity. Moreover, the reproducibility of the sensor performance subject to the manufacturing process variability and washing process is also evaluated. The results show that the manufacturing variability introduces a moisture measurement error up to 4%. The washing process impact on the sensor behavior after applying the first washing cycle implies a sensitivity reduction higher than 14%. Despite these effects, the textile sensor keeps its functionality and can be reused in standard conditions. Therefore, these properties point out the usefulness of the proposed sensor to develop wearable applications within the health and fitness scope including when the user needs to have a life cycle longer than one-time use.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18113824","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,9]],"date-time":"2018-11-09T03:08:02Z","timestamp":1541732882000},"page":"3824","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Impact of Manufacturing Variability and Washing on Embroidery Textile Sensors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2922-891X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marc","family":"Martinez-Estrada","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya, 08222 Terrassa, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bahareh","family":"Moradi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya, 08222 Terrassa, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4030-7256","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ra\u00fal","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya, 08222 Terrassa, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7175-5756","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ignacio","family":"Gil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya, 08222 Terrassa, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barber, E.J.W. (1991). Prehistoric Textiles: The Development of Cloth in the Neolithic and Bronze Ages with Special Reference to the Aegean, Princeton University Press.","DOI":"10.1515\/9780691201412"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"053001","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/23\/5\/053001","article-title":"Smart fabric sensors and e-textile technologies: A review","volume":"23","author":"Castano","year":"2014","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics3020314","article-title":"Embroidery and Related Manufacturing Techniques for Wearable Antennas: Challenges and Opportunities","volume":"3","author":"Tsolis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1700310","DOI":"10.1002\/admt.201700310","article-title":"Recent Progress in Wearable Fully Textile Chemical Sensors","volume":"3","author":"Tessarolo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Technol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saenz-Cogollo, J., Pau, M., Fraboni, B., and Bonfiglio, A. (2016). Pressure Mapping Mat for Tele-Home Care Applications. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16030365"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, J., Qiu, C., Wang, Y., Zhao, R., Cai, Z., and Zhao, X. (2018). Human Limb Motion Detection with Novel Flexible Capacitive Angle Sensor Based on Conductive Textile. Electronics, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics7090192"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tartare, G., Zeng, X., and Koehl, L. (2018, January 15\u201318). Development of a wearable system for monitoring the firefighter\u2019s physiological state. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems (ICPS), Saint Petersburg, Russia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPHYS.2018.8390767"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2014.2368212","article-title":"Experimental Study on the Washing Durability of Electro-Textile UHF RFID Tags","volume":"14","author":"Fu","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5190","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.8b02477","article-title":"Screen-Printed Washable Electronic Textiles as Self-Powered Touch\/Gesture Tribo-Sensors for Intelligent Human\u2013Machine Interaction","volume":"12","author":"Cao","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9045","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.7b00530","article-title":"Machine-Washable PEDOT:PSS Dyed Silk Yarns for Electronic Textiles","volume":"9","author":"Ryan","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/11\/3824\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:28:35Z","timestamp":1760196515000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/11\/3824"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,8]]},"references-count":10,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]}},"alternative-id":["s18113824"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s18113824","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.20944\/preprints201810.0388.v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,8]]}}}