{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T16:07:40Z","timestamp":1787069260876,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,8]],"date-time":"2018-11-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1541635200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper proposes a real-time position accuracy improvement method for a low-cost global positioning system (GPS), which uses geographic data for forming a digital road database in the digital map information. We link the vehicle\u2019s location to the position on the digital map using the map-matching algorithm to improve the position accuracy. In the proposed method, we can distinguish the vehicle direction on the road and enhance the horizontal accuracy using the geographic data composed of the vector point set of the digital map. We use the iterative closest point (ICP) algorithm that calculates the rotation matrix and the translation vector to compensate for the disparity between the GPS and the digital map information. We also use the least squares method to correct the error caused by the rotation of the ICP algorithm and link on the digital map to eliminate the residual disparity. Finally, we implement the proposed method in real time with a low-cost embedded system and demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method through various experiments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18113836","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,9]],"date-time":"2018-11-09T03:08:02Z","timestamp":1541732882000},"page":"3836","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["An Enhanced Map-Matching Algorithm for Real-Time Position Accuracy Improvement with a Low-Cost GPS Receiver"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6110-1428","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeong Min","family":"Kang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Han Sol","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin Bae","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoon Ho","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Kyonggi University, Suwon 16227, Kyonggi-Do, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conengprac.2015.03.006","article-title":"Asymptotically stable path following for lateral motion of unmanned ground vehicle","volume":"40","author":"Shin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Control Eng. 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