{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T17:54:50Z","timestamp":1772819690964,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,9]],"date-time":"2018-11-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1541721600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41571199 and Grant 41371397"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41571199 and Grant 41371397"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the National Key Research and Development Program of PR China","award":["2016YFC0501201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016YFC0501201"]}]},{"name":"the Fundamental Research Funds in Heilongjiang Provincial Universities","award":["135109222"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["135109222"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In arid and semi-arid regions, identifying and monitoring of soil alkalinity and salinity are in urgently need for preventing land degradation and maintaining ecological balances. In this study, physicochemical, statistical, and spectral analysis revealed that potential of hydrogen (pH) and electrical conductivity (EC) characterized the saline-alkali soils and were sensitive to the visible and near infrared (VIS-NIR) wavelengths. On the basis of soil pH, EC, and spectral data, the partial least squares regression (PLSR) models for estimating soil alkalinity and salinity were constructed. The R2 values for soil pH and EC models were 0.77 and 0.48, and the root mean square errors (RMSEs) were 0.95 and 17.92 dS\/m, respectively. The ratios of performance to inter-quartile distance (RPIQ) for the soil pH and EC models were 3.84 and 0.14, respectively, indicating that the soil pH model performed well but the soil EC model was not considerably reliable. With the validation dataset, the RMSEs of the two models were 1.06 and 18.92 dS\/m. With the PLSR models applied to hyperspectral data acquired from the hyperspectral imager (HSI) onboard the HJ-1A satellite (launched in 2008 by China), the soil alkalinity and salinity distributions were mapped in the study area, and were validated with RMSEs of 1.09 and 17.30 dS\/m, respectively. These findings revealed that the hyperspectral images in the VIS-NIR wavelengths had the potential to map soil alkalinity and salinity in the Songnen Plain, China.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18113855","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,13]],"date-time":"2018-11-13T03:27:31Z","timestamp":1542079651000},"page":"3855","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Mapping Soil Alkalinity and Salinity in Northern Songnen Plain, China with the HJ-1 Hyperspectral Imager Data and Partial Least Squares Regression"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5400-9519","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lin","family":"Bai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Geographical Environment Monitoring and Spatial Information Service in Cold Regions, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150025, China"},{"name":"Department of Science, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar 161006, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0306-9535","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cuizhen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuying","family":"Zang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Geographical Environment Monitoring and Spatial Information Service in Cold Regions, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150025, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0207-9299","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Changshan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, P.O. Box 413, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jinming","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Science, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar 161006, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuexiang","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Qiqihar Meteorological Bureau, Qiqihar 161006, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(02)00188-8","article-title":"Remote sensing of soil salinity: Potentials and constraints","volume":"85","author":"Metternicht","year":"2003","journal-title":"Remote Sens Environ."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Ghassemi, F., Jakeman, A.J., and Nix, H.A. (1999). 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