{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T16:10:34Z","timestamp":1784995834450,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,13]],"date-time":"2018-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1542067200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61601264"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61601264"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"A Project of Shandong Province Higher Educational Science and Technology Program","award":["J15LN13"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["J15LN13"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>With the advances in technology, there has been an increasing interest from researchers and industrial institutions in the use of underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs). Constrained by the open acoustic channel, harsh underwater environment, and their own particularities, UWSNs are vulnerable to a wide class of security threats and malicious attacks. However, most existing research into UWSNs has not taken security into consideration. Moreover, the existing relatively mature security mechanisms for WSNs cannot be directly utilized in UWSNs. For these reasons, this article aims to present a comprehensive overview of the particularities, constraints, attacks, challenges and current security mechanisms of UWSNs. In addition, challenging, open and hot research topics are outlined.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18113907","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,14]],"date-time":"2018-11-14T10:58:22Z","timestamp":1542193102000},"page":"3907","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":114,"title":["Challenges, Threats, Security Issues and New Trends of Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9555-9522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guang","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Science and Electrical Engineering, Shandong Jiaotong University, Jinan 250357, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lie","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Science and Electrical Engineering, Shandong Jiaotong University, Jinan 250357, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiqiang","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"22","article-title":"Challenges: Building scalable and distributed Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) for aquatic applications","volume":"45","author":"Cui","year":"2005","journal-title":"Channels"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2005.01.004","article-title":"Underwater acoustic sensor networks: Research challenges","volume":"3","author":"Akyildiz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ad Hoc Netw."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Li, X., Fang, S., and Zhang, Y. 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