{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T13:57:03Z","timestamp":1768744623166,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,14]],"date-time":"2018-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1542153600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["03ZZ0345"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["03ZZ0345"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>An Optical Frequency Domain Reflectometry (OFDR) based fiber optic sensor scheme \u201cembedded\u201d in concrete for the purpose of structural health monitoring (SHM) of carbon concrete composites (C3) is presented. The design, while strengthening the concrete structure, also aims to monitor common SHM parameters such as strain and cracks. This was achieved by weaving the carbon fiber together with optical fiber, based on a specialized technique that uses an embroidery setup where both the carbon and optical fiber are woven on a water dissolvable polymer substrate. The performance of the sensing scheme was characterized in-situ utilizing the OFDR based technique and the results presented. The sensors embedded on a custom made concrete block were subjected to varying strain via a three point bending test to destruction and the results discussed. The intended dual-achievement of the scheme thus proposed in SHM and strengthening the C3 is demonstrated. The suitability of the OFDR scheme for C3 is combined with a fibre Bragg grating (FBG)-based approach, and discussed in detail.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18113923","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,14]],"date-time":"2018-11-14T10:58:22Z","timestamp":1542193102000},"page":"3923","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Evaluating the Performance of Functionalized Carbon Structures with Integrated Optical Fiber Sensors under Practical Conditions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Kort","family":"Bremer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hannover Centre for Optical Technologies (HOT), Leibniz University Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8488-2992","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lourdes S. M.","family":"Alwis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering and the Built Environment, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh EH11 4BN, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Weigand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Saxon Textile Research Institute (STFI), 09125 Chemnitz, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Kuhne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Materialforschungs-und-Pr\u00fcfanstalt an der Bauhaus-Universit\u00e4t Weimar (MFPA), 99423 Weimar, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yulong","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hannover Centre for Optical Technologies (HOT), Leibniz University Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Kr\u00fcger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Materialforschungs-und-Pr\u00fcfanstalt an der Bauhaus-Universit\u00e4t Weimar (MFPA), 99423 Weimar, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Reinhard","family":"Helbig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Saxon Textile Research Institute (STFI), 09125 Chemnitz, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9389-7125","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernhard","family":"Roth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hannover Centre for Optical Technologies (HOT), Leibniz University Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scheerer, S., Sch\u00fctze, E., and Curbach, M. (2018, January 18\u201320). Strengthening and Repair with Carbon Concrete Composites\u2014The First General Building Approval in Germany. Proceedings of the International Conference on Strain-Hardening Cement-Based Composites (SHCC 2017), Dordrecht, Germany.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-024-1194-2_85"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2016.04.028","article-title":"Fiber Bragg grating based sensing system: Early corrosion detection for structural health monitoring","volume":"246","author":"Tan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2014.09.018","article-title":"Sewerage tunnel leakage using a fibre optic moisture-detecting sensor system","volume":"220","author":"Bremer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2013.09.072","article-title":"Fluorescence based fibre optic pH sensor for the pH 10\u201313 range suitable for corrosion monitoring in concrete structures","volume":"191","author":"Nguyen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"035005","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/24\/3\/035005","article-title":"Cracking assessment in concrete structures by distributed optical fiber","volume":"24","author":"Casas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mao, J., Xu, F., Gao, Q., Liu, S., Jin, W., and Xu, Y. (2016). A Monitoring Method Based on FBG for Concrete Corrosion Cracking. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16071093"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"1","article-title":"Faseroptische Sensoren f\u00fcr hochaufgel\u00f6ste Verformungsmessungen in der Zementsteinmatrix","volume":"246","author":"Habel","year":"2003","journal-title":"BAM Forschungsbericht"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1007\/s13320-012-0065-4","article-title":"Use of FBG Sensors for SHM in Aerospace Structures","volume":"2","author":"Kahandawa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Photonic Sens."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/9\/6\/313","article-title":"Detection of transverse cracks in CFRP composites using embedded fiber Bragg grating sensors","volume":"9","author":"Okabe","year":"2000","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2006.08.004","article-title":"Damage identification in a holed CFRP laminate using a chirped fiber Bragg grating sensor","volume":"67","author":"Yashiro","year":"2007","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-835X(02)00036-2","article-title":"Delamination detection in CFRP laminates with embedded small-diameter fiber Bragg gratings sensors","volume":"33","author":"Takeda","year":"2002","journal-title":"Compos. Part A"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bremer, K., Weigand, F., Zheng, Y., Alwis, L.S., Helbig, R., and Roth, B. (2017). Structural Health Monitoring Using Textile Reinforcement Structures with Integrated Optical Fiber Sensors. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17020345"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kashyap, R. (1999). Fiber Bragg Gratings, Academic Press.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012400560-0\/50008-7"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1364\/OPEX.13.000666","article-title":"High resolution optical frequency domain reflectometry for characterization of components and assemblies","volume":"13","author":"Soller","year":"2005","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schlangen, S., Bremer, K., Yheng, Z., B\u00f6hm, S., Steinke, M., Wellmann, F., Neumann, J., Roth, B., and Overmeyer, L. (2018). Long-Period Gratings in Highly Germanium-Doped, Single-Mode Optical Fibers for Sensing Applications. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18051363"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/11\/3923\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:29:34Z","timestamp":1760196574000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/11\/3923"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,14]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]}},"alternative-id":["s18113923"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s18113923","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,14]]}}}