{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T05:20:27Z","timestamp":1781587227467,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,14]],"date-time":"2018-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1542153600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Nano Malaysia Berhad","award":["03-01-04-SF2160"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["03-01-04-SF2160"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A rapid and sensitive sandwich electrochemical immunosensor was developed based on the fabrication of the graphene\/polyaniline (GP\/PANI) nanocomposite onto screen-printed gold electrode (SPGE) for detection of tuberculosis biomarker 10-kDa culture filtrate protein (CFP10). The prepared GP\/PANI nanocomposite was characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The chemical bonding and morphology of GP\/PANI-modified SPGE were studied by Raman spectroscopy and FESEM coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, respectively. From both studies, it clearly showed that GP\/PANI was successfully coated onto SPGE through drop cast technique. Cyclic voltammetry was used to study the electrochemical properties of the modified electrode. The effective surface area for GP\/PANI-modified SPGE was enhanced about five times compared with bare SPGE. Differential pulse voltammetry was used to detect the CFP10 antigen. The GP\/PANI-modified SPGE that was fortified with sandwich type immunosensor exhibited a wide linear range (20\u2013100 ng\/mL) with a low detection limit of 15 ng\/mL. This proposed electrochemical immunosensor is sensitive, low sample volume, rapid and disposable, which is suitable for tuberculosis detection in real samples.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18113926","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,14]],"date-time":"2018-11-14T10:58:22Z","timestamp":1542193102000},"page":"3926","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Sandwich Electrochemical Immunosensor for Early Detection of Tuberculosis Based on Graphene\/Polyaniline-Modified Screen-Printed Gold Electrode"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Umi Zulaikha","family":"Mohd Azmi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Advanced Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nor Azah","family":"Yusof","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Advanced Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norzila","family":"Kusnin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Advanced Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9686-4804","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaafar","family":"Abdullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Advanced Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siti","family":"Suraiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan 16150, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Poh Shing","family":"Ong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NanoMalaysia Berhad, a CLG under the Ministry of Energy, Science, Technology, Environment and Climate Change (MESTECC), Kuala Lumpur 50450, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nurul Hanun","family":"Ahmad Raston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siti Fatimah","family":"Abd Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Advanced Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamad Faris","family":"Mohamad Fathil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Kangar 01000, Perlis, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tube.2017.03.004","article-title":"Selection, characterization, and application of DNA aptamers for detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis secreted protein MPT64","volume":"104","author":"Sypabekova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Tuberculosis"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2015.11.098","article-title":"Electrochemical biosensor for Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA detection based on gold nanotubes array electrode platform","volume":"78","author":"Torati","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biosens. 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