{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T01:46:13Z","timestamp":1769046373167,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,15]],"date-time":"2018-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1542240000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["16J09670"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16J09670"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["16H01721"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16H01721"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012190","name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2.12795.2018\/12.2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2.12795.2018\/12.2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012190","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001655","name":"German Academic Exchange Service","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2.12795.2018\/12.2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2.12795.2018\/12.2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001655","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>With the spread of smart devices, people may obtain a variety of information on their surrounding environment thanks to sensing technologies. To design more context-aware systems, psychological user context (e.g., emotional status) is a substantial factor for providing useful information in an appropriate timing. As a typical use case that has a high demand for context awareness but is not tackled widely yet, we focus on the tourism domain. In this study, we aim to estimate the emotional status and satisfaction level of tourists during sightseeing by using unconscious and natural tourist actions. As tourist actions, behavioral cues (eye and head\/body movement) and audiovisual data (facial\/vocal expressions) were collected during sightseeing using an eye-gaze tracker, physical-activity sensors, and a smartphone. Then, we derived high-level features, e.g., head tilt and footsteps, from behavioral cues. We also used existing databases of emotionally rich interactions to train emotion-recognition models and apply them in a cross-corpus fashion to generate emotional-state prediction for the audiovisual data. Finally, the features from several modalities are fused to estimate the emotion of tourists during sightseeing. To evaluate our system, we conducted experiments with 22 tourists in two different touristic areas located in Germany and Japan. As a result, we confirmed the feasibility of estimating both the emotional status and satisfaction level of tourists. In addition, we found that effective features used for emotion and satisfaction estimation are different among tourists with different cultural backgrounds.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18113978","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,15]],"date-time":"2018-11-15T11:32:47Z","timestamp":1542281567000},"page":"3978","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["EmoTour: Estimating Emotion and Satisfaction of Users Based on Behavioral Cues and Audiovisual Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3135-4915","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuki","family":"Matsuda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Information Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara 630-0192, Japan"},{"name":"Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo 102-0083, Japan"},{"name":"RIKEN, Center for Advanced Intelligence Project AIP, Tokyo 103-0027, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dmitrii","family":"Fedotov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Communications Engineering, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany"},{"name":"ITMO University, Saint Petersburg 197101, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuta","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Information Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara 630-0192, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7156-9160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yutaka","family":"Arakawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Information Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara 630-0192, Japan"},{"name":"JST Presto, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Keiichi","family":"Yasumoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Information Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara 630-0192, Japan"},{"name":"RIKEN, Center for Advanced Intelligence Project AIP, Tokyo 103-0027, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Minker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Communications Engineering, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annals.2009.07.001","article-title":"Tourist Satisfaction and Dissatisfaction","volume":"37","author":"Alegre","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. 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