{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T12:44:52Z","timestamp":1790253892672,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,16]],"date-time":"2018-11-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1542326400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Regione Puglia - MUSA\u2014Metodologie Ubiquitarie di inclusione sociale per l\u2019Autismo\u201d","award":["codice pratica VZC4TI4\u2014\u201cAiuti a sostegno dei Cluster Tecnologici regionali per l\u2019Innovazione\u201d deliberazione della giunta regionale No. 1536 del 24\/07\/2014."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["codice pratica VZC4TI4\u2014\u201cAiuti a sostegno dei Cluster Tecnologici regionali per l\u2019Innovazione\u201d deliberazione della giunta regionale No. 1536 del 24\/07\/2014."]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, a computational approach is proposed and put into practice to assess the capability of children having had diagnosed Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) to produce facial expressions. The proposed approach is based on computer vision components working on sequence of images acquired by an off-the-shelf camera in unconstrained conditions. Action unit intensities are estimated by analyzing local appearance and then both temporal and geometrical relationships, learned by Convolutional Neural Networks, are exploited to regularize gathered estimates. To cope with stereotyped movements and to highlight even subtle voluntary movements of facial muscles, a personalized and contextual statistical modeling of non-emotional face is formulated and used as a reference. Experimental results demonstrate how the proposed pipeline can improve the analysis of facial expressions produced by ASD children. A comparison of system\u2019s outputs with the evaluations performed by psychologists, on the same group of ASD children, makes evident how the performed quantitative analysis of children\u2019s abilities helps to go beyond the traditional qualitative ASD assessment\/diagnosis protocols, whose outcomes are affected by human limitations in observing and understanding multi-cues behaviors such as facial expressions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18113993","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,16]],"date-time":"2018-11-16T11:48:31Z","timestamp":1542368911000},"page":"3993","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":69,"title":["Computational Assessment of Facial Expression Production in ASD Children"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5636-6130","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Leo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent Systems, National Research Council of Italy, via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierluigi","family":"Carcagn\u00ec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent Systems, National Research Council of Italy, via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cosimo","family":"Distante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent Systems, National Research Council of Italy, via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Spagnolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent Systems, National Research Council of Italy, via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pier Luigi","family":"Mazzeo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent Systems, National Research Council of Italy, via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna Chiara","family":"Rosato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amici di Nico Onlus, Via Campania, 6, 73046 Lecce, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7223-8240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Serena","family":"Petrocchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USI, Institute of Communication and Health, Via Buffi 6, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Pellegrino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"L\u2019 Adelfia Onlus, via S. 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