{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,28]],"date-time":"2026-06-28T07:40:11Z","timestamp":1782632411360,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,16]],"date-time":"2018-11-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1542326400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The term partial discharge (PD) refers to a partial bridging of insulating material between electrodes that sustain an electric field in high-voltage (HV) systems. Long-term PD activity can lead to catastrophic failures of HV systems resulting in economic, energy and even human life losses. Such failures and losses can be avoided by continuously monitoring PD activity. Existing techniques used for PD localization including time of arrival (TOA) and time difference of arrival (TDOA), are complicated and expensive because they require time synchronization. In this paper, a novel received signal strength (RSS) based localization algorithm is proposed. The reason that RSS is favoured in this research is that it does not require clock synchronization and it only requires the energy of the received signal rather than the PD pulse itself. A comparison was made between RSS based algorithms including a proposed algorithm, the ratio and search and the least squares algorithm to locate a PD source for nine different positions. The performance of the algorithms was evaluated by using two field scenarios based on seven and eight receiving nodes, respectively. The mean localization error calculated for two-field-trial scenarios show, respectively, 1.80 m and 1.76 m for the proposed algorithm for all nine positions, which is the lowest of the three algorithms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18114000","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,16]],"date-time":"2018-11-16T11:48:31Z","timestamp":1542368911000},"page":"4000","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["An Efficient Algorithm for Partial Discharge Localization in High-Voltage Systems Using Received Signal Strength"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Umar","family":"Khan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering &amp; Technology, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5091-2567","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pavlos","family":"Lazaridis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering &amp; Technology, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamd","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering &amp; Technology, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1586-5931","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo","family":"Albarrac\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departmento de Ingenier\u00eda El\u00e9ctrica, Electr\u00f3nica, Autom\u00e1tica y F\u00edsica Aplicada, Escuela T\u00e9cnica Superior de Ingenier\u00eda y Dise\u00f1o Industrial (ETSIDI), Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, Ronda de Valencia 3, Madrid 28012, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4548-282X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zaharias","family":"Zaharis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6206-2229","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Atkinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XW, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9150-6805","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christos","family":"Tachtatzis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XW, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian","family":"Glover","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering &amp; Technology, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/0951-8320(92)90054-O","article-title":"Reliability analysis of a high voltage system with dependent failures and imperfect coverage","volume":"37","author":"Pham","year":"1992","journal-title":"Reliab. 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