{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:06:45Z","timestamp":1760242005336,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,19]],"date-time":"2018-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1542585600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2016R1D1A3B03934169"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2016R1D1A3B03934169"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002632","name":"Hallym University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HRF-201809-014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HRF-201809-014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002632","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Through orientation control of antibodies, Z-domains autodisplaying Escherichia coli outer cell membrane (OM) may be utilized to improve the sensitivity and limit of detection (LOD) of immunoassays and immunosensors. A regenerative immunoaffinity layer based on Z-domains autodisplaying E. coli OM was developed for the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor. Regeneration conditions for the Z-domains autodisplaying E. coli OM-based immunoassays and immunosensors were optimized by varying pH and detergent concentration. An E. coli cell-based HRP immunoassay was tested and validated in three sequential regenerative immunoassays under optimal conditions. The OM of Z-domains autodisplaying E. coli was isolated and coated on the two-dimensional substrate (microplate). The OM-based HRP immunoassay was tested and validated in four regenerative immunoassays. This regenerative OM layer was applied to the SPR biosensor. Z-domains autodisplaying OM layered onto the gold surface of SPR biosensors was developed, and the OM-based regenerative immunoaffinity layer with orientation control was tested using CRP analyte. The SPR biosensor regenerative immunoaffinity layer demonstrated that CRP biosensing was repeated for five regeneration cycles with less than 2% signal difference. Therefore, the newly developed regenerative immunoaffinity layer with antibody orientation control may improve biosensing sensitivity and reduce the cost of medical diagnosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18114030","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,22]],"date-time":"2018-11-22T09:18:25Z","timestamp":1542878305000},"page":"4030","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["A Regenerative Immunoaffinity Layer Based on the Outer Membrane of Z-Domains Autodisplaying E. coli for Immunoassays and Immunosensors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Daseul","family":"Jeon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cooperative course of Nano-Medical Device Engineering, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Gangwon-do, Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9954-6860","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jae-Chul","family":"Pyun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0666-2676","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joachim","family":"Jose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medical Chemistry, Westf\u00e4lische Wilhelms-Universit\u00e4t, 48149 M\u00fcnster, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3546-7834","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Min","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cooperative course of Nano-Medical Device Engineering, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Gangwon-do, Korea"},{"name":"Integrative Materials Research Institute, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Gangwon-do, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Gangwon-do, Korea"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2009.01.010","article-title":"Antibody production, design and use for biosensor-based applications","volume":"20","author":"Conroy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Semin. 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