{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T18:25:24Z","timestamp":1776277524283,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,20]],"date-time":"2018-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1542672000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aircraft full-scale fatigue test is widely used in the modern aircraft industry for the safety of flight. Generally, the aircraft full-scale fatigue test is achieved by structural loading; multiple hydraulic actuators are used to apply load for force control. The fatigue loading test takes approximately several years. A key challenge is how to accelerate the loading frequency to shorten the total test time. Nevertheless, when pluralities of hydraulic actuator simultaneously increase the loading frequency, the mutual coupling force from the low rigidity of the aircraft structure will cause a large loading error, meaning that the test cannot be implemented. Although it is possible to reduce error by adding sensors, the force sensors need to connect several kilometers of cable. This paper proposed a novel motion synchronous composite decoupling control strategy with fewer sensors. The control method compensates the negative coupling effect of the channels by integrating the command signals and feedback signals of all channels. It can suppress coupling force and reduce errors at higher frequencies, thereby shortening the experiment time. Opposed to traditional decoupling control methods, advantages of this strategy are that it only needs force sensors and it does not need additional displacement or velocity and acceleration sensors to collect state variables for building the state space. Furthermore, it has been experimentally verified that the new motion synchronous composite decoupling control method can indeed guarantee sufficient control accuracy when the test frequency is increased. The method has great economic significance for shortening test duration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18114050","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,22]],"date-time":"2018-11-22T09:18:25Z","timestamp":1542878305000},"page":"4050","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Motion Synchronous Composite Decoupling with Fewer Sensors on Multichannel Hydraulic Force Control for Aircraft Structural Loading Test System"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Yaoxing","family":"Shang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key laboratory on Aircraft Fight Control, School of Automation Science and Electrical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ning","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key laboratory on Aircraft Fight Control, School of Automation Science and Electrical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lingzhi","family":"Jiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key laboratory on Aircraft Fight Control, School of Automation Science and Electrical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nan","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key laboratory on Aircraft Fight Control, School of Automation Science and Electrical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuai","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key laboratory on Aircraft Fight Control, School of Automation Science and Electrical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zongxia","family":"Jiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key laboratory on Aircraft Fight Control, School of Automation Science and Electrical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"106","article-title":"History of Structural Fatigue Testing at Fishermans Bend Australia","volume":"891\u2013892","author":"Molent","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hist. Struct. Fatigue Test. Fishermans Bend Aust."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"10","article-title":"Evaluation of full scale Aircraft Structure Strength Test Technology","volume":"6","author":"Qiang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aeronaut. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ast.2015.02.017","article-title":"Structural behaviour modelling of bolted joints in composite laminates subjected to cyclic loading","volume":"43","author":"Scarselli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aerosp. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ast.2018.02.030","article-title":"An integrated load sensing valve-controlled actuator based on power-by-wire for aircraft structural test","volume":"77","author":"Shang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aerosp. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"47","article-title":"Full-scale Fatigue Test of Commercial Airplane Structure","volume":"104","author":"Si","year":"2012","journal-title":"Civ. Aircr. Des. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prostr.2017.07.025","article-title":"Landing Gear Structural Health Monitoring (SHM)","volume":"5","author":"Forrest","year":"2017","journal-title":"Procedia Struct. Integr."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Serioznov, A.N., and Metyolkin, N.G. (1999). Integrated automatization and instrumentation system for static and life testing of full-scale modern maneuverable aircraft. Aerosp. Tech. Shipbuild., 15\u201319."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Karel, G. (2006, January 4\u20136). Fast fatigue testing and fast setup. Proceedings of the Aerospace Test Expo 2006, Hamburg, Germany."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jafari, A. (2014). Coupling between the Output Force and Stiffness in Different Variable Stiffness Actuators. Actuators, 3.","DOI":"10.3390\/act3030270"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ast.2018.05.045","article-title":"Optimum distributed wing shaping and control loads for highly flexible aircraft","volume":"79","author":"Hammerton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aerosp. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1080\/09349847.2012.660242","article-title":"A Comprehensive Structural Analysis Process for Failure Assessment in Aircraft Lap-Joint Mimics Using Intramodal Fusion of Eddy Current Data","volume":"23","author":"Soumya","year":"2012","journal-title":"Res. Nondestruct. Eval."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-1223(98)80005-5","article-title":"Path-attitude decoupling and flying qualities implications in hypersonic flight","volume":"2","author":"Sachs","year":"1998","journal-title":"Aerosp. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ast.2018.04.011","article-title":"Mode decoupling robust eigenstructure assignment applied to the lateral-directional dynamics of the F-16 aircraft","volume":"77","author":"Albostan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aerosp. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1021\/ie300836m","article-title":"State Space Model Predictive Control Using Partial Decoupling and Output Weighting for Improved Model\/Plant Mismatch Performance","volume":"52","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.2514\/1.34928","article-title":"Aeroelastic Analysis of Wing Structures Using Equivalent Plate Models","volume":"46","author":"Vepa","year":"2015","journal-title":"AIAA J."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/S0736-0266(03)00179-7","article-title":"In situ forces of the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments in high knee flexion: An in vitro investigation","volume":"22","author":"Li","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2012.02.028","article-title":"Effect of post-tensioning on the bending behaviour of mineral matrix composite beams","volume":"34","author":"Promis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Construct. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2974","DOI":"10.2514\/3.47017","article-title":"Sensitivity analysis of aeroelastic response of a wing using piecewise pressure representation","volume":"33","author":"Eldred","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Aircr."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Naeli, K., and Brand, O. (2007, January 28\u201331). Coupling High Force Sensitivity and High Stiffness in Piezoresistive Cantilevers with Embedded Si-Nanowires. Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE Sensors, Atlanta, GA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSENS.2007.4388589"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ast.2016.09.015","article-title":"Conceptual study of a morphing winglet based on unsymmetrical stiffness","volume":"58","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aerosp. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.2514\/1.41286","article-title":"Composite Materials Strength Determination within the Current Certification Methodology for Aircraft Structures","volume":"46","author":"Feraboli","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Aircr."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mechatronics.2012.08.001","article-title":"Accurate pressure prediction of a servo-valve controlled hydraulic system","volume":"22","author":"Kilic","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mechatronics"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"278","article-title":"Proposal of Prognostic Parametric Method Applied to an Electrohydraulic Servomechanism Affected by Multiple Failures","volume":"10","author":"Pace","year":"2014","journal-title":"WSEAS Trans. Environ. Dev."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Nam, Y., Lee, J., and Hong, S.K. (2002, January 28\u201330). Force control system design for aerodynamic load simulator. Proceedings of the 2000 IEEE American Control Conference, Chicago, IL, USA."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1384","DOI":"10.1109\/7.976973","article-title":"QFT force loop design for the aerodynamic load simulator","volume":"37","author":"Nam","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1115\/1.3153050","article-title":"Controller Design for a Multichannel Electrohydraulic System","volume":"111","author":"Pannala","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Dyn. Syst. Meas. Control"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1109\/TCST.2009.2014357","article-title":"Passivity-Based Attitude Synchronization in SE (3)","volume":"17","author":"Igarashi","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Control Syst. Technol."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"128","article-title":"Optimal trends in Manoeuvre Load Control at subsonic and supersonic flight points for tailless delta wing aircraft","volume":"24","author":"Suresh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dialogues Cardiovasc. Med. DCM"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ast.2018.04.035","article-title":"Robust fault-tolerant controller design for aerodynamic load simulator","volume":"78","author":"Shamisa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aerosp. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ast.2015.01.018","article-title":"Adaptive velocity synchronization compound control of electro-hydraulic load simulator","volume":"42","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aerosp. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/S1270-9638(97)90037-7","article-title":"Experimental dynamic load simulation by means of modal force combination","volume":"1","author":"Sinapius","year":"1997","journal-title":"Aerosp. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ast.2018.07.033","article-title":"Effect of design parameters on the mass of a variable-span morphing wing based on finite element structural analysis and optimization","volume":"80","author":"Santos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aerosp. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ast.2007.05.005","article-title":"Decoupling the flight control system of a supersonic vehicle","volume":"11","author":"Tsay","year":"2007","journal-title":"Aerosp. Sci. Technol."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/11\/4050\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:30:56Z","timestamp":1760196656000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/11\/4050"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,20]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]}},"alternative-id":["s18114050"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s18114050","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,20]]}}}