{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T02:47:16Z","timestamp":1775011636571,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,21]],"date-time":"2018-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1542758400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003052","name":"Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["10052980"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10052980"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003052","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Complete blockage of a coronary artery, called chronic total occlusion (CTO), frequently occurs due to atherosclerosis. To reopen the obstructed blood vessels with a stent, guidewire crossing is performed with the help of angiography that can provide the location of CTO lesions and the image of guidewire tip. Since angiography is incapable of imaging inside a CTO lesion, the surgeons are blind during guidewire crossing. For this reason, the success rate of guidewire crossing relies upon the proficiency of the surgeon, which is considerably reduced from 69.0% to 32.5% if extensive calcification, not penetrated by a guidewire, exists in CTO lesions. In this paper, a recently developed 40-MHz forward-looking intravascular ultrasound (FL\u2013IVUS) transducer to visualize calcification within CTO lesions is reported. This transducer consists of a single element angled aperture and a guidewire passage. The aperture is spherically deformed to have a focal length of 3 mm in order to improve spatial resolution of FL\u2013IVUS images. The angle between the beam direction and the axis of rotation is designed to be 30\u00b0 to effectively visualize calcification within a CTO lesion as well as the blood vessel wall. The experimental results demonstrated that the developed FL\u2013IVUS transducer facilitates visualization of calcification within CTO lesions and makes it possible to help the surgeon make decisions about whether to push the guidewire in order to cross the lesion or to change the surgical procedure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18114079","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,22]],"date-time":"2018-11-22T09:18:25Z","timestamp":1542878305000},"page":"4079","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["A 40-MHz Ultrasound Transducer with an Angled Aperture for Guiding Percutaneous Revascularization of Chronic Total Occlusion: A Feasibility Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3305-8503","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junsu","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8323-4202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jin Ho","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Korea"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1852","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.114.302721","article-title":"Mechanisms of plaque formation and rupture","volume":"114","author":"Bentzon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circ. 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