{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]],"date-time":"2026-01-26T00:13:53Z","timestamp":1769386433030,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,23]],"date-time":"2018-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1542931200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010877","name":"Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JCYJ20160531193340540"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCYJ20160531193340540"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010877","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003453","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017A030313292"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017A030313292"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003453","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51878226"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51878226"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This work describes a vibration-based structural health monitoring of a prestressed-concrete box girder bridge on the A100 Highway in Berlin by applying statistical pattern recognition technique to a huge amount of data continuously collected by an integrated monitoring system during the period from 2000 to 2013. Firstly, the general condition and potential damage of the bridge is described. Then, the dynamic properties are extracted from 20 velocity sensors. Environmental variability captured by five thermal transducers and traffic intensity approximately estimated by strain measurements are also reported. Nonlinear influences of temperature on natural frequencies are observed. Subsequently, the measurements during the first year are used to build a baseline health index. The multiple linear regression (MLR) method is used to characterize the nonlinear relationship between natural frequencies and temperatures. The Euclidean distance of the residual errors is calculated to build a statistical health index. Finally, the indices extracted from the following years gradually deviate; which may indicate structural deterioration due to loss of prestress in the prestressed tendons.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18124117","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,23]],"date-time":"2018-11-23T12:20:28Z","timestamp":1542975628000},"page":"4117","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Structural Health Monitoring of a Prestressed Concrete Bridge Based on Statistical Pattern Recognition of Continuous Dynamic Measurements over 14 years"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Wei-Hua","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China"}]},{"given":"De-Hui","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Teng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China"}]},{"given":"Samir","family":"Said","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), 12205 Berlin, Germany"}]},{"given":"Rolf. G.","family":"Rohrmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Struktur Analyse &amp; Bauwerks Monitoring (SABM) GbR, 10965 Berlin, Germany"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, G., Wang, C., and Wang, B. (2017). Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) of Civil Structures. Appl. Sci., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/app7080789"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deraemaeker, A., and Worden, K. (2010). New Trends in Vibration Based Structural Health Monitoring, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7091-0399-9"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2006.1928","article-title":"An Introduction to Structural Health Monitoring","volume":"365","author":"Farrar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2006.1935","article-title":"An Introduction to Structural Health Monitoring","volume":"365","author":"Sohn","year":"2007","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farrar, C.R., and Worden, K. (2013). Structural Health Monitoring: A Machine Learning Perspective, John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118443118"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Rohrmann, R.G., Baessler, M., Said, S., Schmid, W., and Ruecker, W. (2000, January 7\u201310). Structural Causes of Temperature Affected Modal Data of Civil Structures Obtained. Proceedings of the IMAC 18, San Antonio, TX, USA."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9845(199908)28:8<879::AID-EQE845>3.0.CO;2-V","article-title":"An Experimental Study of Temperature Effect on Modal Parameters of the Alamosa Canyon Bridge","volume":"28","author":"Sohn","year":"1999","journal-title":"Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1762","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2005.02.020","article-title":"Correlating Modal Properties with Temperature using Long-term Monitoring Data and Support Vector Machine Technique","volume":"27","author":"Ni","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eng. Struct."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000050","article-title":"Generalization capability of neural network models for temperature-frequency correlation using monitoring data","volume":"10","author":"Ni","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Struct. Eng."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1742","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9445(2007)133:12(1742)","article-title":"Effect of Temperature on Modal Variability of a Curved Concrete Bridge under Ambient Loads","volume":"133","author":"Liu","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Struct. Eng."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2011.05.026","article-title":"Testing and long-term monitoring of a curved box girder bridge","volume":"33","author":"Gomez","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eng. Struct."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Overschee, P., and De Moor, B.L. (1996). Subspace Identification for Linear Systems. Engineering Structures, Kluwer Academic Publishers.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4613-0465-4"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1115\/1.1410919","article-title":"Output-only subspace-based structural identification: From theory to industrial testing practice","volume":"123","author":"Basseville","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Dyn. Syst. Meas. Control"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"651","article-title":"Application of a fast-stabilizing frequency domain parameters estimation method","volume":"132","author":"Guilaume","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Dyn. Syst. Meas. Control"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Peeters, B. (2000). System Identification and Damage Detection in Civil Engineering. [Ph.D. Thesis, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven]."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1155\/2004\/523692","article-title":"The PolyMAX frequency-domain method: A new standard for modal parameter estimation?","volume":"11","author":"Peeters","year":"2004","journal-title":"Shock Vib."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/s11831-012-9069-x","article-title":"System identification methods for (operational) modal analysis: Review and comparison","volume":"19","author":"Reynders","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Comput. Methods Eng."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scient.2012.09.002","article-title":"System identification in structural engineering","volume":"19","author":"Sirca","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. Iran."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11831-014-9135-7","article-title":"Signal processing techniques for vibration-based health monitoring of smart strucutres","volume":"23","author":"Adeli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Comput. Methods Eng."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3164","DOI":"10.21595\/jve.2016.17220","article-title":"Time-frequency techniques for modal parameters identification of civil structures from acquired dynamic signals","volume":"18","author":"Adeli","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Vibroeng."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymssp.2008.05.003","article-title":"Online automatic identification of the modal parameters of a long span arch bridge","volume":"23","author":"Cunha","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mech. Syst. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymssp.2011.06.011","article-title":"Vibration based structural health monitoring of an arch bridge: From automated OMA to damage detection","volume":"28","author":"Cunha","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mech. Syst. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2152","DOI":"10.1002\/stc.2152","article-title":"Damage identification of a large cable-stayed bridge with novel cointegrated Kalman filter method under changing environments","volume":"25","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Struct. Control Health Monit."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2018.04.034","article-title":"Frequency Co-integration-based damage detection for bridges under the influence of environmental temperature variation","volume":"125","author":"Liang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"035010","article-title":"Health status monitoring of cup lock scaffold joint connection based on wavelet packet analysis","volume":"25","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Shock Vib."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymssp.2012.05.012","article-title":"Continuous dynamic monitoring of a lively footbridge for serviceability assessment and damage detection","volume":"33","author":"Hu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mech. Syst. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1002\/stc.1955","article-title":"Comparison of different statistical approaches for removing environmental\/operational effects for massive data continuously collected from footbridges","volume":"24","author":"Hu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Struct. Control Health Monit."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymssp.2011.03.005","article-title":"Environmental effects on the identified natural frequencies of the Dowling Hall footbridge","volume":"25","author":"Moser","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mech. Syst. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymssp.2012.08.026","article-title":"Long-term monitoring and data analysis of Tamer Bridge","volume":"35","author":"Cross","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mech. Syst. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1002\/stc.1516","article-title":"Recent perspectives in dynamic testing and monitoring of bridges","volume":"20","author":"Cunha","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Struct. Control Health Monit."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1002\/1096-9845(200102)30:2<149::AID-EQE1>3.0.CO;2-Z","article-title":"One-year monitoring of the Z24-Bridge: Environmental effects versus damage events","volume":"30","author":"Peeters","year":"2001","journal-title":"Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1006\/mssp.2002.1555","article-title":"Damage Detection of the Z24 Bridge Using Control Charts","volume":"17","author":"Kullaa","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mech. Syst. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymssp.2004.12.003","article-title":"Structural damage diagnosis under varying environmental conditions-part II: Local PCA for non-linear cases","volume":"19","author":"Yan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mech. Syst. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1177\/1475921713502836","article-title":"Output-only structural health monitoring in changing environmental conditions by means of nonlinear system identification","volume":"13","author":"Reynders","year":"2013","journal-title":"Struct. Health Monit."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"B4016003","DOI":"10.1061\/AJRUA6.0000872","article-title":"Polynomial Chaos Expansion Models for the Monitoring of Structures under Operational Variability","volume":"2","author":"Spiridonakos","year":"2016","journal-title":"SCE-ASME J. Risk Uncertain. Eng. Syst. Part A Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsv.2003.07.016","article-title":"Statistical model-based damage detection and location: Subspace-based residuals and damage-to-noise senility ratio","volume":"275","author":"Basseville","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Sound Vib."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115010","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/20\/11\/115010","article-title":"Structural damage detection based on stochastic subspace identification and statistical pattern recognition: II Experimental validation under varying temperature","volume":"20","author":"Lin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2014.03.010","article-title":"Structural health monitoring with statistical methods during progressive damage test of S101 bridge","volume":"69","author":"Hille","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eng. Struct."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1111\/mice.12255","article-title":"The stretching method for vibration-based structural health monitoring of civil structures","volume":"32","author":"Tsogka","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput. Aided Civ. Infrastruct. Eng."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1111\/mice.12355","article-title":"A rapidly convergent empirical mode decomposition method for analyzing the environmental temperature effects on stay cable force","volume":"33","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comput. Aided Civ. Infrastruct. Eng."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Rohrmann, R.G., Baessler, M., Said, S., Schmid, W., and Ruecker, W. (1994). Ergebnisse der Automatischen Daueruebearwachung an der Westendbruecke in Berlin\u2014Teil A, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM). (In German)."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Rohrmann, R.G., Baessler, M., Said, S., Schmid, W., and Ruecker, W. (2006). Ergebnisse der Automatischen Daueruebearwachung an der Westendbruecke in Berlin\u2014Teil B&C, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM). (In German)."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)1084-0702(2006)11:2(241)","article-title":"Effect of vehicle on the dynamic amplification of a vehicle crossing a simply supported bridge","volume":"11","author":"Brady","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Bridge Eng. ASCE"},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Deger, Y., Cantieni, R., Pietrzko, S., Ruecker, W., and Rohrmann, R.G. (1995, January 13\u201316). Modal analysis of a highway bridge: Experiment, finite element analysis and link. Proceedings of the 13th International Modal Analysis Conference, Nashville, TN, USA."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Link, M., Rohrmann, R.G., and Pietrzko, S. (1996, January 12\u201315). Experience with automated procedures for adjusting the finite element model of a complex highway bridge to experimental modal data. Proceedings of the 14th International Modal Analysis Conference, Dearborn, MI, USA."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymssp.2007.07.004","article-title":"Vibration-based structural health monitoring using output-only measurements under changing environment","volume":"22","author":"Deraemaeker","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mech. Syst. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Manson, G. (2002, January 15\u201317). Identifying damage sensitive, environment insensitive features for damage detection. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Identification in Engineering Systems, Swansea, Wales."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Akaike, H. (1971, January 2\u20138). Information theory and an extension of the maximum likelihood principle. Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on Information Theory, Tsahkadsor, Armenia."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1177\/1475921717735505","article-title":"Continuous dynamic monitoring of a prestressed concrete bridge based on strain, inclination and crack measurements over a 14-year span","volume":"17","author":"Hu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Struct. Health Monit."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"(2015, May 06). Der Tagessiegel, Bridges and Tunnels Are Being Renovated, Crumbling Infrastructure in Berlin. Available online: http:\/\/www.tagesspiegel.de\/berlin\/marode-infrastruktur-in-berlin-15-bruecken-und-tunnel-werden-saniert\/11739522.html."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/12\/4117\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:31:49Z","timestamp":1760196709000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/12\/4117"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,23]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["s18124117"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s18124117","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,23]]}}}