{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T09:14:46Z","timestamp":1777972486902,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,24]],"date-time":"2018-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1543017600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["88887.095626\/2015-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["88887.095626\/2015-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Estadual de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado do Esp\u00edrito Santo","award":["72982608"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72982608"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["304192\/2016-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["304192\/2016-3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["310310\/2015-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["310310\/2015-6"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID\/EEA\/50008\/2013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/EEA\/50008\/2013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BPD\/109458\/2015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BPD\/109458\/2015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents the development of temperature sensors based on fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) embedded in 3D-printed structures made of different materials, namely polylatic acid (PLA) and thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU). A numerical analysis of the material behavior and its interaction with the FBG sensor was performed through the finite element method. A simple, fast and prone to automation process is presented for the FBG embedment in both PLA and TPU structures. The temperature tests were made using both PLA- and TPU-embedded FBGs as well as an unembedded FBG as reference. Results show an outstanding temperature sensitivity of 139 pm\/\u00b0C for the FBG-embedded PLA structure, which is one of the highest temperature sensitivities reported for FBG-based temperature sensors in silica fibers. The sensor also shows almost negligible hysteresis (highest hysteresis below 0.5%). In addition, both PLA- and TPU-embedded structures present high linearity and response time below 2 s. The results presented in this work not only demonstrate the feasibility of developing fully embedded temperature sensors with high resolution and in compliance with soft robot application requirements, but also show that the FBG embedment in such structures is capable of enhancing the sensor performance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18124120","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,26]],"date-time":"2018-11-26T03:24:27Z","timestamp":1543202667000},"page":"4120","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":89,"title":["Application of Additive Layer Manufacturing Technique on the Development of High Sensitive Fiber Bragg Grating Temperature Sensors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9075-0619","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arnaldo","family":"Leal-Junior","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program of Electrical Engineering, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria 29075-910, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Casas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Engineering, Escuela Colombiana de Ingenier\u00eda Julio Garavito, Bogot\u00e1 111166, Colombia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8596-5092","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es and Physics Department &amp; I3N, University of Aveiro, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9009-2425","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Jos\u00e9","family":"Pontes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program of Electrical Engineering, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria 29075-910, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0687-3967","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anselmo","family":"Frizera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program of Electrical Engineering, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria 29075-910, Brazil"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1109\/MRA.2016.2582718","article-title":"Stiffening in soft robotics: A review of the state of the art","volume":"23","author":"Manti","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Robot. 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