{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:06:08Z","timestamp":1760241968574,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,25]],"date-time":"2018-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1543104000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010665","name":"H2020 Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie Actions","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["722380"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["722380"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"Narodowe Centrum Nauki","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2016\/22\/M\/ST2\/00261"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016\/22\/M\/ST2\/00261"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006445","name":"Uniwersytet Warszawski","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["statutory fund"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["statutory fund"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006445","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this work a photonic crystal fiber made of a heavy metal oxide glass with optimized dispersion profile is proposed for supercontinuum generation in a broad range of wavelengths in the near-infrared, when pumped by a mode-locked fiber-based laser. The fiber is modelled and optimal geometrical parameters are selected to achieve flat and low dispersion in the anomalous regime. Supercontinuum generation in the range of 0.76\u20132.40 \u00b5m, within the dynamics of 30 dB, when pumped at 1.56 \u00b5m with 400 fs\u2013long pulses and an average power 660 mW is possible. The applicability of such fibers is also discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18124127","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,26]],"date-time":"2018-11-26T03:24:27Z","timestamp":1543202667000},"page":"4127","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Development of Dispersion-Optimized Photonic Crystal Fibers Based on Heavy Metal Oxide Glasses for Broadband Infrared Supercontinuum Generation with Fiber Lasers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Grzegorz","family":"St\u0119pniewski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Glass, Institute of Electronic Materials Technology, W\u00f3lczy\u0144ska 133, 01-919 Warsaw, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6169-120X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacek","family":"Pniewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland"}]},{"given":"Dariusz","family":"Pysz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Glass, Institute of Electronic Materials Technology, W\u00f3lczy\u0144ska 133, 01-919 Warsaw, Poland"}]},{"given":"Jaros\u0142aw","family":"Cimek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Glass, Institute of Electronic Materials Technology, W\u00f3lczy\u0144ska 133, 01-919 Warsaw, Poland"}]},{"given":"Ryszard","family":"St\u0119pie\u0144","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Glass, Institute of Electronic Materials Technology, W\u00f3lczy\u0144ska 133, 01-919 Warsaw, Poland"}]},{"given":"Mariusz","family":"Klimczak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Glass, Institute of Electronic Materials Technology, W\u00f3lczy\u0144ska 133, 01-919 Warsaw, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2863-725X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryszard","family":"Buczy\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Glass, Institute of Electronic Materials Technology, W\u00f3lczy\u0144ska 133, 01-919 Warsaw, Poland"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.21.001547","article-title":"All-silica single-mode optical fiber with photonic crystal cladding","volume":"21","author":"Knight","year":"1996","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.25.000025","article-title":"Visible continuum generation in air\u2013silica microstructure optical fibers with anomalous dispersion at 800 nm","volume":"25","author":"Ranka","year":"2000","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buczy\u0144ski, R., Pniewski, J., Pysz, D., St\u0119pie\u0144, R., Kasztelanic, R., Kujawa, I., Filipkowski, A., Waddie, A., and Taghizadeh, M. (2012). Dispersion management in soft glass all-solid photonic crystal fibres. Opto-Electron. Rev., 20.","DOI":"10.2478\/s11772-012-0033-y"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.37.000546","article-title":"Review and assessment of measured values of the nonlinear refractive-index coefficient of fused silica","volume":"37","author":"Milam","year":"1998","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3471","DOI":"10.1364\/OME.7.003471","article-title":"Experimental investigation of the nonlinear refractive index of various soft glasses dedicated for development of nonlinear photonic crystal fibers","volume":"7","author":"Cimek","year":"2017","journal-title":"Opt. Mater. Express"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97310F","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2230485","article-title":"Nonlinear refraction dynamics of solvents and gases","volume":"9731","author":"Zhao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTQE.2008.2010245","article-title":"Chalcogenide Glass-Fiber-Based Mid-IR Sources and Applications","volume":"15","author":"Sanghera","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2014.213","article-title":"Mid-infrared supercontinuum covering the 1.4\u201313.3 \u03bcm molecular fingerprint region using ultra-high NA chalcogenide step-index fibre","volume":"8","author":"Petersen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Photonics"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.40.001081","article-title":"1.8\u201310 \u03bcm mid-infrared supercontinuum generated in a step-index chalcogenide fiber using low peak pump power","volume":"40","author":"Yu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2641","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.11.002641","article-title":"Tellurite photonic crystal fiber","volume":"11","author":"Kumar","year":"2003","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4928","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.14.004928","article-title":"Spectrally smooth supercontinuum from 350 nm to 3 \u03bcm in sub-centimeter lengths of soft-glass photonic crystal fibers","volume":"14","author":"Omenetto","year":"2006","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9197","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.17.009197","article-title":"Octave-spanning ultraflat supercontinuum with soft-glass photonic crystal fibers","volume":"17","author":"Miret","year":"2009","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2553","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.31.002553","article-title":"Mid-infrared supercontinuum generation to 4.5 \u03bcm in ZBLAN fluoride fibers by nanosecond diode pumping","volume":"31","author":"Xia","year":"2006","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4245","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.41.004245","article-title":"Supercontinuum generation in ZBLAN glass photonic crystal fiber with six nanobore cores","volume":"41","author":"Jiang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5222","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.41.005222","article-title":"1.5\u201314 \u03bcm midinfrared supercontinuum generation in a low-loss Te-based chalcogenide step-index fiber","volume":"41","author":"Zhao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1700005","DOI":"10.1002\/lpor.201700005","article-title":"Mid-infrared supercontinuum covering 2.0\u201316 \u03bcm in a low-loss telluride single-mode fiber","volume":"11","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Laser Photonics Rev."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7161","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.16.007161","article-title":"Over 4000 nm bandwidth of mid-IR supercontinuum generation in sub-centimeter segments of highly nonlinear tellurite PCFs","volume":"16","author":"Domachuk","year":"2008","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1002\/lapl.201010039","article-title":"Supercontinuum generation up to 2.5 \u03bcm in photonic crystal fiber made of lead-bismuth-galate glass","volume":"7","author":"Bookey","year":"2010","journal-title":"Laser Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21135","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.19.021135","article-title":"Fabrication and supercontinuum generation in dispersion flattened bismuth microstructured optical fiber","volume":"19","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18842","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.25.018842","article-title":"Experimental measurement of supercontinuum coherence in highly nonlinear soft-glass photonic crystal fibers","volume":"25","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1364\/PRJ.5.000710","article-title":"Coherent supercontinuum generation in soft glass photonic crystal fibers","volume":"5","author":"Klimczak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Photonics Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3093(00)00215-5","article-title":"Non-linear optical properties of chalcogenide glasses measured by Z-scan","volume":"274","author":"Smektala","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Non-Cryst. Solids"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Forestier, X., Cimek, J., Kujawa, I., Kasztelanic, R., Pysz, D., Orli\u0144ski, K., St\u0119pie\u0144, R., and Buczy\u0144ski, R. (2018). Study of SiO2-PbO-CdO-Ga2O3 glass system for mid-infrared optical elements. J. Non-Cryst. Solids.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnoncrysol.2018.09.019"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3093(94)00592-3","article-title":"Optical properties of fluoride glasses: A review","volume":"184","author":"Gan","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Non-Cryst. Solids"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSA.48.000633","article-title":"Refractive index of arsenic trisulfide","volume":"48","author":"Rodney","year":"1958","journal-title":"J. Opt. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2009.09.029","article-title":"Near-infrared fluorescence: Application to in vivo molecular imaging","volume":"14","author":"Hilderbrand","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2183","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.11.002183","article-title":"Sensitivity advantage of swept source and Fourier domain optical coherence tomography","volume":"11","author":"Choma","year":"2003","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlaseng.2005.04.015","article-title":"Near- and mid-infrared laser monitoring of industrial processes, environment and security applications","volume":"44","author":"Willer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Opt. Lasers Eng."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"(2018, November 24). Lumerical Solutions, Inc. Available online: http:\/\/www.lumerical.com\/tcad-products\/mode\/."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.11.000843","article-title":"Chromatic dispersion control in photonic crystal fibers: Application to ultra-flattened dispersion","volume":"11","author":"Saitoh","year":"2003","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2342","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.39.002342","article-title":"All-solid microstructured fiber with flat normal chromatic dispersion","volume":"39","author":"Martynkien","year":"2014","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optmat.2016.09.061","article-title":"High contrast glasses for all-solid fibers fabrication","volume":"62","author":"Cimek","year":"2016","journal-title":"Opt. Mater."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"DiGiovanni, D.J., Vengsarkar, A.M., Wagener, J.L., and Windeler, R.S. (1998). Article Comprising a Microstructured Optical Fiber, and Method of Making Such Fiber. (5,802,236), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2007.916489","article-title":"Mathematical Modeling of the Self-Pressurizing Mechanism for Microstructured Fiber Drawing","volume":"27","author":"Voyce","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Lightw. Technol."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Russell, P.S.J., Birks, T.A., and Knight, J.C. (2005). Photonic Crystal Fibres. (6,888,992B2), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.23.000312","article-title":"MicroStructure Element Method (MSEM): Viscous flow model for the virtual draw of microstructured optical fibers","volume":"23","author":"Jasion","year":"2015","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1007\/s11082-014-9979-y","article-title":"Broadband dispersion measurement of photonic crystal fibers with nanostructured core","volume":"47","author":"Pniewski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Opt. Quantum Electron."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1103\/RevModPhys.78.1135","article-title":"Supercontinuum generation in photonic crystal fiber","volume":"78","author":"Dudley","year":"2006","journal-title":"Rev. Mod. Phys."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dudley, J., and Taylor, J. (2010). Supercontinuum Generation in Optical Fibers, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511750465"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.27.001180","article-title":"Coherence properties of supercontinuum spectra generated in photonic crystal and tapered optical fibers","volume":"27","author":"Dudley","year":"2002","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/12\/4127\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:31:57Z","timestamp":1760196717000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/12\/4127"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,25]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["s18124127"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s18124127","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,25]]}}}