{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:07:40Z","timestamp":1760242060638,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,26]],"date-time":"2018-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1543190400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science Fund of China","award":["No.61301187"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No.61301187"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai space science and Technology Innovation Fund Project","award":["No. SAST2017040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. SAST2017040"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In general, synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging and image processing are two sequential steps in SAR image processing. Due to the large size of SAR images, most image processing algorithms require image segmentation before processing. However, the existence of speckle noise in SAR images, as well as poor contrast and the uneven distribution of gray values in the same target, make SAR images difficult to segment. In order to facilitate the subsequent processing of SAR images, this paper proposes a new method that combines the back-projection algorithm (BPA) and a first-order gradient operator to enhance the edges of SAR images to overcome image segmentation problems. For complex-valued signals, the gradient operator was applied directly to the imaging process. The experimental results of simulated images and real images validate our proposed method. For the simulated scene, the supervised image segmentation evaluation indexes of our method have more than 1.18%, 11.2% and 11.72% improvement on probabilistic Rand index (PRI), variability index (VI), and global consistency error (GCE). The proposed imaging method will make SAR image segmentation and related applications easier.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18124133","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,26]],"date-time":"2018-11-26T03:24:27Z","timestamp":1543202667000},"page":"4133","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["A New Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Imaging Method Combining Match Filter Imaging and Image Edge Enhancement"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Bing","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 102200, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chuying","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 102200, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hailun","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 102200, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anqi","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 102200, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.3724\/SP.J.1300.2013.20071","article-title":"A review of spaceborne SAR algorithm for image formation","volume":"2","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Radars"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pei, J., Huang, Y., Huo, W., Miao, Y., Zhang, Y., and Yang, J. (2018). Synthetic Aperture Radar Processing Approach for Simultaneous Target Detection and Image Formation. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18103377"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xin, Z., Zhang, X., Shi, J., and Zhe, L. (2011, January 24\u201329). GPU-based parallel back projection algorithm for the translational variant bisar imaging. Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS), Vancouver, BC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2011.6049806"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"69700H-1","article-title":"An implementation of a fast backprojection image formation algorithm for spotlight-mode SAR","volume":"6970","author":"Yocky","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Shao, Y., Wang, R., Deng, Y., Liu, Y., Chen, R., and Liu, G. (2012, January 22\u201327). An N2.5 back-projection algorithm for SAR imaging. Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS), Munich, Germany."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(01)00035-8","article-title":"Efficient facet edge detection and quantitative performance evaluation","volume":"35","author":"Ji","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2323","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(04)00195-5","article-title":"Unsupervised image segmentation using a simple mrf model with a new implementation scheme","volume":"37","author":"Deng","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00133570","article-title":"Snakes: Active contour models","volume":"1","author":"Kass","year":"1988","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Vis."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xue, X., Wang, H., Xiang, F., and Wang, J.P. (2012, January 16\u201318). A new method of SAR image segmentation based on FCM and wavelet transform. Proceedings of the 2012 5th International Congress on Image and Signal Processing (CISP), Chongqing, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/CISP.2012.6469844"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/S1004-4132(06)60055-8","article-title":"New edge detection method for high-resolution SAR images","volume":"17","author":"Chang","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Syst. Eng. Electron."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ilioudis, C.V., Clemente, C., Asghari, M.H., Jalali, B., and Soraghan, J.J. (2015, January 1\u20132). Edge detection in SAR images using phase stretch transform. Proceedings of the 2nd IET International Conference on Intelligent Signal Processing 2015 (ISP), London, UK.","DOI":"10.1049\/cp.2015.1786"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3735","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2017.2679112","article-title":"A coastline detection method in polarimetric SAR images mixing the region-based and edge-based active contour models","volume":"55","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Wang, X., and Li, C. (2009, January 19\u201321). Multiphase segmentation of SAR images with level set evolution. Proceedings of the 2009 WRI Global Congress on Intelligent Systems, Xiamen, China."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2015.2492552","article-title":"A two-phase algorithm based on kurtosis curvelet energy and unsupervised spectral regression for segmentation of SAR images","volume":"9","author":"Tirandaz","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, H., Sun, B., Chen, J., Guo, W., and Qiao, Z. (2017, January 23\u201328). SAR image segmentation based on BMFCM. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS), Fort Worth, TX, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2017.8127316"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2018.2792841","article-title":"A robust fuzzy c-means algorithm based on Bayesian nonlocal spatial information for SAR image segmentation","volume":"11","author":"Wan","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"80510C-1","article-title":"Computationally efficient FBP-type direct segmentation of synthetic aperture radar images","volume":"8051","author":"Yanik","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pena, N., Garza, G., Cao, Y., and Qiao, Z. (2012, January 19\u201320). Edge detection of real synthetic aperture radar images through filtered back projection. Proceedings of the 2012 International Conference on Systems and Informatics (ICSAI), Yantai, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSAI.2012.6223421"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"83940N-1","article-title":"Filtered back projection type direct edge detection of real synthetic aperture radar images","volume":"8394","author":"Mckee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Ding, Y., and Munson, D.C. (2002, January 22\u201325). A fast back-projection algorithm for bistatic SAR imaging. Proceedings of the International Conference on Image Processing, Rochester, NY, USA."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheney, M., and Borden, B. (2009). Fundamentals of Radar Imaging, Society for Industrial and Applied Methematics (SIAM).","DOI":"10.1137\/1.9780898719291"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Kokkinos, I., Maragos, P., and Yuille, A. (2006, January 17\u201322). Bottom-up top-down object detection using primal sketch features and graphical models. Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR\u201906), New York, NY, USA."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/12\/4133\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:32:02Z","timestamp":1760196722000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/12\/4133"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,26]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["s18124133"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s18124133","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,26]]}}}