{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T09:26:50Z","timestamp":1762507610378,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,26]],"date-time":"2018-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1543190400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this work, a piezoresistive sensor structure based on carbon black (CB)@polyurethane (PU) yarn material was developed. Specifically, CB@PU yarn was constructed by the polymer-mediated water-based electrostatic deposition method. The distribution of the yarn was artificially controlled to fabricate conductive networks. The CB conductive layer was efficiently supported by the net-like structure of PU yarn, thus generating collaborative advantage. The as-fabricated pressure sensor not only displayed compressibility of over 97%, but also detected a wide pressure change from 25 Pa to 20 kPa. Furthermore, this sensor exhibited response time of less than 70 ms and reproducibility of over 10,000 cycles. The advantages of the CB@PU network ensured this pressure-sensitive structure enormous potential application in pressure sensitive equipment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18124141","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,27]],"date-time":"2018-11-27T03:31:33Z","timestamp":1543289493000},"page":"4141","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["A High Compressibility Pressure\u2014Sensitive Structure Based on CB@PU Yarn Network"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Xingtong","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Roll-forging Research Institute, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130025, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0543-7848","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chunguo","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Roll-forging Research Institute, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130025, China"}]},{"given":"Shuo","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Roll-forging Research Institute, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130025, China"}]},{"given":"Bing","family":"Lyu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Roll-forging Research Institute, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130025, China"}]},{"given":"Donglai","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Roll-forging Research Institute, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130025, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9966","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0401918101","article-title":"A large-area, flexible pressure sensor matrix with organic field-effect transistors for artificial skin applications","volume":"101","author":"Someya","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12321","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0502392102","article-title":"Conformable, flexible, large-area networks of pressure and thermal sensors with organic transistor active matrixes","volume":"102","author":"Someya","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salim, A., and Lim, S. (2017). Review of Recent Inkjet-Printed Capacitive Tactile Sensors. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17112593"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ji, Z., Zhu, H., Liu, H., Liu, N., Chen, T., Yang, Z., and Sun, L. (2016). The Design and Characterization of a Flexible Tactile Sensing Array for Robot Skin. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16122001"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.3390\/s140100144","article-title":"High-Temperature Piezoelectric Sensing","volume":"14","author":"Jiang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2007.04.002","article-title":"Pressure sensor from a PVDF film","volume":"142","author":"Shirinov","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ding, X., Cao, H., Zhang, X., Li, M., and Liu, Y. (2018). Large Scale Triboelectric Nanogenerator and Self-Powered Flexible Sensor for Human Sleep Monitoring. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18061713"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, K., Song, G., Park, C., and Yun, K.-S. (2017). Multifunctional Woven Structure Operating as Triboelectric Energy Harvester, Capacitive Tactile Sensor Array, and Piezoresistive Strain Sensor Array. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17112582"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9533","DOI":"10.1021\/nn404614z","article-title":"Triboelectric Nanogenerators as New Energy Technology for Self-Powered Systems and as Active Mechanical and Chemical Sensors","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acs Nano"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Brugger, J., and Briand, D. (2009, January 6\u20139). Porous PDMS force sensitive resistors. Proceedings of the Eurosensors XXIII Conference, Lausanne, Switzerland."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2011.184","article-title":"Skin-like pressure and strain sensors based on transparent elastic films of carbon nanotubes","volume":"6","author":"Lipomi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16361","DOI":"10.1039\/C5NR04312C","article-title":"Small and light strain sensors based on graphene coated human hairs","volume":"7","author":"Yuan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6246","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201601995","article-title":"Large-Area Compliant, Low-Cost, and Versatile Pressure-Sensing Platform Based on Microcrack-Designed Carbon Black@Polyurethane Sponge for Human-Machine Interfacing","volume":"26","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22823","DOI":"10.1021\/am5069936","article-title":"Strain-Driven and Ultrasensitive Resistive Sensor\/Switch Based on Conductive Alginate\/Nitrogen-Doped Carbon-Nanotube-Supported Ag Hybrid Aerogels with Pyramid Design","volume":"6","author":"Zhao","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2011.36","article-title":"A stretchable carbon nanotube strain sensor for human-motion detection","volume":"6","author":"Yamada","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13317","DOI":"10.1039\/C5TA02601F","article-title":"Conductive natural rubber\/carbon black nanocomposites via cellulose nanowhisker templated assembly: Tailored hierarchical structure leading to synergistic property enhancements","volume":"3","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6692","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201303041","article-title":"A Flexible and Highly Pressure-Sensitive Graphene-Polyurethane Sponge Based on Fractured Microstructure Design","volume":"25","author":"Yao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat3380","article-title":"A flexible and highly sensitive strain-gauge sensor using reversible interlocking of nanofibres","volume":"11","author":"Pang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3451","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201305182","article-title":"Highly Stretchable Resistive Pressure Sensors Using a Conductive Elastomeric Composite on a Micropyramid Array","volume":"26","author":"Choong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19352","DOI":"10.1039\/C6NR06804A","article-title":"Stretchable and compressible strain sensors based on carbon nanotube meshes","volume":"8","author":"Guo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9974","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.5b03510","article-title":"Stretchable Array of Highly Sensitive Pressure Sensors Consisting of Polyaniline Nanofibers and Au-Coated Polydimethylsiloxane Micropillars","volume":"9","author":"Park","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4794143","article-title":"Elastomeric transparent capacitive sensors based on an interpenetrating composite of silver nanowires and polyurethane","volume":"102","author":"Hu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2004.10.020","article-title":"Inherently conducting polymer modified polyurethane smart foam for pressure sensing","volume":"119","author":"Brady","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204103","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4832416","article-title":"Extremely robust and conformable capacitive pressure sensors based on flexible polyurethane foams and stretchable metallization","volume":"103","author":"Vandeparre","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9936","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.6b01174","article-title":"Highly Sensitive, Stretchable, and Wash-Durable Strain Sensor Based on Ultrathin Conductive Layer@Polyurethane Yarn for Tiny Motion Monitoring","volume":"8","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-6223(01)00164-6","article-title":"A comprehensive picture of the electrical phenomena in carbon black-polymer composites","volume":"40","author":"Balberg","year":"2002","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1080\/00914037608072394","article-title":"About some DC conduction processes in carbon black filled polymers","volume":"30","author":"Reboul","year":"1976","journal-title":"Int. J. Polym. Mater."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.5254\/1.3542660","article-title":"Carbon blacks for highly conductive rubber","volume":"30","author":"Polley","year":"1957","journal-title":"Rubber Chem. Technol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/0008-6223(64)90051-X","article-title":"Non-ohmic behavior of carbon black-loaded rubbers","volume":"2","year":"1964","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1849","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1018504906935","article-title":"Non-linear current-voltage characteristics in anisotropic epoxy resin-graphite flake composites","volume":"32","author":"Celzard","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1186\/1556-276X-9-369","article-title":"Current-voltage characteristics of nanoplatelet-based conductive nanocomposites","volume":"9","author":"Oskouyi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nanoscale Res Lett."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paredes-Madrid, L., Palacio, C.A., Matute, A., and Parra Vargas, C.A. (2017). Underlying Physics of Conductive Polymer Composites and Force Sensing Resistors (FSRs) under Static Loading Conditions. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17092108"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1002\/pc.10324","article-title":"Estimation of the volume resistivity of electrically conductive composites","volume":"18","author":"Weber","year":"1997","journal-title":"Polym. Compos."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Stauffer, D. (1991). Introduction to the Percolation Theory, Francis and Taylor."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat2834","article-title":"Highly sensitive flexible pressure sensors with microstructured rubber dielectric layers","volume":"9","author":"Mannsfeld","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3002","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms4002","article-title":"An ultra-sensitive resistive pressure sensor based on hollow-sphere microstructure induced elasticity in conducting polymer film","volume":"5","author":"Pan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2896","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201503407","article-title":"Self-Powered High-Resolution and Pressure-Sensitive Triboelectric Sensor Matrix for Real-Time Tactile Mapping","volume":"28","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/12\/4141\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:32:09Z","timestamp":1760196729000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/12\/4141"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,26]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["s18124141"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s18124141","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,26]]}}}