{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,25]],"date-time":"2025-10-25T14:19:51Z","timestamp":1761401991501,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,26]],"date-time":"2018-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1543190400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61772228"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61772228"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National key research and development program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2016YFB0201503"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016YFB0201503"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A reliable energy-efficient routing protocol plays a key role in underwater data transmission. In the face of acoustic communication challenges in underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs), including long propagation delay, topology change, limited energy, and communication voids, we propose RECRP, a Reliable Energy-efficient Cross-layer Routing Protocol to achieve high data delivery rate. RECRP is a location-free single-copy protocol. The information of the physical layer such as Doppler scale shift measurement, Received Signal Strength Indication (RSSI), etc. are adopted to estimate the distance, thus no extra hardware is needed for localization. Moreover, the overhead introduced by redundant packets is avoided with the single-copy mechanism. To improve the two-hop packet delivery rate and balance energy consumption among adjacent nodes, an optimal max\u2013min method is proposed that dynamically controls transmission power and channel frequency. Furthermore, a surface to bottom routing establishment method is also adopted to handle communication voids. Compared with depth-based routing (DBR) and hop-by-hop vector-based forwarding (HH-VBF), RECRP is more energy-efficient with a higher delivery rate.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18124148","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,27]],"date-time":"2018-11-27T03:31:33Z","timestamp":1543289493000},"page":"4148","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["RECRP: An Underwater Reliable Energy-Efficient Cross-Layer Routing Protocol"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Jun","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China"}]},{"given":"Meiming","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China"}]},{"given":"Xingwang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China"}]},{"given":"Yuanyuan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China"}]},{"given":"Xiaohui","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China"}]},{"given":"Junhong","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1631\/FITEE.1700775","article-title":"Underwater acoustic communication and the general performance evaluation criteria","volume":"19","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Inf. Technol. Electron. Eng."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo, Y., Pu, L., Peng, Z., Zhou, Z., Cui, J.H., and Zhang, Z. (2013, January 14\u201316). Effective relay selection for underwater cooperative acoustic networks. Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE 10th International Conference on Mobile Ad-Hoc and Sensor Systems (MASS), Hangzhou, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/MASS.2013.36"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1109\/TETC.2014.2310457","article-title":"Challenges and opportunities of underwater cognitive acoustic networks","volume":"2","author":"Luo","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Emerg. Top. Comput."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, X., Wei, D., Wei, X., Cui, J., and Pan, M. (2018). HAS4: A Heuristic Adaptive Sink Sensor Set Selection for Underwater AUV-Aid Data Gathering Algorithm. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18124110"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1504\/IJSNET.2017.080664","article-title":"Autonomous underwater vehicles localisation in mobile underwater networks","volume":"23","author":"Wei","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Sens. Netw."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.25103\/jestr.031.25","article-title":"Energy Efficiency in Underwater Sensor Networks: A Research Review","volume":"3","author":"Ovaliadis","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Eng. Sci. Technol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1908","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2011.06.009","article-title":"A survey on routing techniques in underwater wireless sensor networks","volume":"34","author":"Ayaz","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Netw. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"828","article-title":"Greedy Routing in Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks: A Survey","volume":"2013","author":"Mohamad","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Distrib. Sens. Netw."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Lu, F., Mirza, D., and Schurgers, C. (October, January 30). D-sync:Doppler-based time synchronization for mobile underwater sensor networks. Proceedings of the ACM International Workshop on Underwater Networks, Woods Hole, MA, USA."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1109\/JOE.2008.920471","article-title":"Multicarrier Communication Over Underwater Acoustic Channels with Nonuniform Doppler Shifts","volume":"33","author":"Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE J. Ocean. Eng."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xie, P., Cui, J.H., and Lao, L. (2006). VBF: Vector-Based Forwarding Protocol for Underwater Sensor Networks. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/11753810_111"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nicolaou, N., See, A., Xie, P., Cui, J.H., and Maggiorini, D. (2007, January 18\u201321). Improving the Robustness of Location-Based Routing for Underwater Sensor Networks. Proceedings of the OCEANS 2007\u2014Europe, Aberdeen, UK.","DOI":"10.1109\/OCEANSE.2007.4302470"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, H., Yao, N., and Liu, J. (2015). An Adaptive Routing Protocol in Underwater Sparse Acoustic Sensor Networks, Elsevier Science Publishers B. V.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2014.09.016"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coutinho, R.W.L., Boukerche, A., Vieira, L.F.M., and Loureiro, A.A.F. (2014, January 10\u201314). GEDAR: Geographic and opportunistic routing protocol with Depth Adjustment for mobile underwater sensor networks. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Communications, Sydney, Australia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2014.6883327"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coutinho, R.W.L., Vieira, L.F.M., and Loureiro, A.A.F. (2013, January 7\u201310). DCR: Depth-Controlled Routing protocol for underwater sensor networks. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Computers and Communications, Split, Croatia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCC.2013.6754988"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yan, H., Shi, Z.J., and Cui, J.H. (2008, January 5\u20139). DBR: Depth-based routing for underwater sensor networks. Proceedings of the International Ifip-Tc6 networking Conference on Adhoc and Sensor Networks, Wireless Networks, Next Generation Internet, Singapore.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-79549-0_7"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Liu, G., and Li, Z. (2010, January 30\u201331). Depth-Based Multi-hop Routing protocol for Underwater Sensor Network. Proceedings of the International Conference on Industrial Mechatronics and Automation, Wuhan, China."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/781932","article-title":"Improving both energy and time efficiency of depth-based routing for underwater sensor networks","volume":"2015","author":"Diao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Distrib. Sens. Netw."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wahid, A., Lee, S., and Kim, D. (2011, January 6\u20139). An energy-efficient routing protocol for UWSNs using physical distance and residual energy. Proceedings of the OCEANS 2011 IEEE\u2014Spain, Santander, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/Oceans-Spain.2011.6003615"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"61","article-title":"Energy Efficient Fitness Based Routing Protocol for Underwater Sensor Network","volume":"5","author":"Ashrafuddin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Intell. Syst. Appl."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1145\/1347364.1347373","article-title":"On the relationship between capacity and distance in an underwater acoustic communication channel","volume":"11","author":"Stojanovic","year":"2007","journal-title":"ACM Sigmobile Mob. Comput. Commun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lysanov, Y.P., and Brekhovskikh, L.M. (1982). Fundamentals Of Ocean Acoustics, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-02342-6"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brekhovskikh, L.M., and Lysanov, Y.P. (1991). Fundamentals of Ocean Acoustics, Springer. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-07328-5"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chandrasekhar, V., Seah, W.K., Choo, Y.S., and Ee, H.V. (2006, January 25). Localization in underwater sensor networks: Survey and challenges. Proceedings of the 1st ACM International Workshop on Underwater Networks, Los Angeles, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/1161039.1161047"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Savvides, A., Han, C., and Strivastava, B.M. (2001, January 16\u201321). Dynamic fine-grained localization in Ad-Hoc networks of sensors. Proceedings of the 7th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking, Rome, Italy.","DOI":"10.1145\/381677.381693"},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Chitre, M., Potter, J., and Heng, O.S. (2004, January 9\u201312). Underwater acoustic channel characterisation for medium-range shallow water communications. Proceedings of the Oceans \u201904 MTS\/IEEE Techno-Ocean \u201904, Kobe, Japan."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mason, S., Berger, C.R., Zhou, S., and Willett, P. (2008, January 8\u201311). Detection, Synchronization, and Doppler Scale Estimation with Multicarrier Waveforms in Underwater Acoustic Communication. Proceedings of the OCEANS 2008\u2014MTS\/IEEE Kobe Techno-Ocean, Kobe, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/OCEANSKOBE.2008.4531077"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coates, R.F.W. (1990). Underwater Acoustic Systems, Macmillan Education.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-349-20508-0"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghoreyshi, S.M., Shahrabi, A., and Boutaleb, T. (2017, January 27\u201329). An Underwater Routing Protocol with Void Detection and Bypassing Capability. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Advanced Information NETWORKING and Applications, Taipei, Taiwan.","DOI":"10.1109\/AINA.2017.82"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Rappaport, T. (2001). Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Prentice Hall PTR."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2015.2395434","article-title":"HydroCast: Pressure Routing for Underwater Sensor Networks","volume":"65","author":"Noh","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1538-7305.1950.tb00463.x","article-title":"Error Detecting and Error Correcting Codes","volume":"29","author":"Hamming","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bell Syst. Tech. J."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2018.2793964","article-title":"On Reliable Data Transfer in Underwater Acoustic Networks: A Survey from Networking Perspective","volume":"20","author":"Jiang","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1752-1688.2007.00017.x","article-title":"Chaotic Behavior and Pollution Dispersion Characteristics in Engineered Tidal Embayments: A Numerical Investigation","volume":"43","author":"Bagtzoglou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Jawra J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/12\/4148\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:32:12Z","timestamp":1760196732000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/12\/4148"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,26]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["s18124148"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s18124148","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,26]]}}}