{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T01:42:13Z","timestamp":1780969333950,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,27]],"date-time":"2018-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1543276800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61004127"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61004127"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Innovative Research Team of  Huizhou University (IRTHU)","award":["201800101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201800101"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Attitude measurement is an essential technology in projectile trajectory correction. Magnetometers have been used for projectile attitude measurement systems as they are small in size, lightweight, and low cost. However, magnetometers are seriously disturbed by the artillery magnetic field during launch. Moreover, the error parameters of the magnetometers, which are calibrated in advance, usually change after extended storage. The changed parameters have negative effects on attitude estimation of the projectile. To improve the accuracy of attitude estimation, the magnetometers should be calibrated again before launch or during flight. This paper presents a fast calibration method specific for a spinning projectile. At the launch site, the tri-axial magnetometer is calibrated, the parameters of magnetometer are quickly obtained by optimal ellipsoid fitting based on a least squares criterion. Then, the calibration parameters are used to compensate for magnetometer outputs during flight. The numerical simulation results show that the proposed calibration method can effectively determine zero bias, scale factors, and alignment angle errors. Finally, a semi-physical experimental system was designed to further verify the performance of the calibration method. The results show that pitch angle error reduces from 3.52\u00b0 to 0.58\u00b0 after calibration. The roll angle error is reduced from 2.59\u00b0 to 0.65\u00b0. Simulations and experimental results indicate that the accuracy of magnetometer in strap-down spinning projectile has been greatly enhanced, and the attitude estimation errors are reduced after calibration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18124157","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,27]],"date-time":"2018-11-27T12:17:35Z","timestamp":1543321055000},"page":"4157","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["A Fast Calibration and Compensation Method for Magnetometers in Strap-Down Spinning Projectiles"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2107-1444","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dafeng","family":"Long","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Huizhou University, Huizhou 516007, China"},{"name":"Science and Technology on Electronic Test and Measurement Laboratory, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoming","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science and Technology on Electronic Test and Measurement Laboratory, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaohui","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Huizhou University, Huizhou 516007, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhongliang","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Huizhou University, Huizhou 516007, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianzhong","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Huizhou University, Huizhou 516007, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2161-4296.2011.tb02581.x","article-title":"Effective Use of Magnetometer Feedback for Smart Projectile Applications","volume":"58","author":"Rogers","year":"2011","journal-title":"Navigation"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"065001","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/25\/6\/065001","article-title":"Orientation estimation algorithm applied to high-spin projectiles","volume":"25","author":"Long","year":"2014","journal-title":"Meas. 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