{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T15:03:02Z","timestamp":1774450982365,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,30]],"date-time":"2018-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1543536000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents a second-order discrete-time Sigma-Delta (SD) Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) with over 80 dB Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR), which is applied in a signal conditioning IC for automotive piezo-resistive pressure sensors. To reduce the flicker noise of the structure, choppers are used in every stage of the high gain amplifiers. Besides, to reduce the required area and power, only the CIC filter structure is adopted as a decimation filter. This filter has a configurable structure that can be applied to different data rates and input signal bandwidths. The proposed ADC was fabricated and measured in a 0.18-\u00b5m CMOS process. Due to the application of only a CIC filter, the total active area of the SD-ADC and reference generator is 0.49 mm2 where the area of the decimation filter is only 0.075 mm2. For the input signal bandwidth of 1.22 kHz, it achieved over 80 dB SNR in a 2.5 MHz sampling frequency while consuming 646 \u00b5W power.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18124199","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,30]],"date-time":"2018-11-30T12:13:17Z","timestamp":1543579997000},"page":"4199","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["A Sigma-Delta ADC for Signal Conditioning IC of Automotive Piezo-Resistive Pressure Sensors with over 80 dB SNR"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Behnam","family":"Samadpoor Rikan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanoelectronics Group, Department of Informatics, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sang-Yun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information and Communication Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nabeel","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information and Communication Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hamed","family":"Abbasizadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information and Communication Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Riaz Ur Rehman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information and Communication Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Khuram","family":"Shehzad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information and Communication Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arash","family":"Hejazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information and Communication Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Reza","family":"E. Rad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information and Communication Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1833-7202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deeksha","family":"Verma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information and Communication Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kang-Yoon","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information and Communication Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3564","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2018.2816123","article-title":"A Novel Sensor for Measuring the Inner Pressure of Catheters for Clinical Use","volume":"18","author":"Accoto","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-003-2107-2","article-title":"Different techniques to measure intra-abdominal pressure (IAP): Time for a critical re-appraisal","volume":"30","author":"Malbrain","year":"2004","journal-title":"Intensiv. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.2011.06696.x","article-title":"The use of a sound-enabled device to measure pressure during insertion of an epidural catheter in women in labour","volume":"66","author":"Lechner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7363","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2018.2798562","article-title":"A Highly Linear, AEC-Q100 Compliant Signal Conditioning IC for Automotive Piezo-Resistive Pressure Sensors","volume":"65","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Samadpoor Rikan, B., Kim, S.-Y., and Lee, K.-Y. (2016, January 23\u201326). 11-bit 1.8uW 40kS\/s Segmented SAR ADC for Sensor Application. Proceedings of the International SoC Design Conference (ISOCC), Jeju, Korea.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISOCC.2016.7799705"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mejo.2017.02.009","article-title":"A 6-bit 4 MS\/s, VCM-based sub-radix-2 SAR ADC with inverter type comparator","volume":"62","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microelectron. J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSI.2016.2528080","article-title":"A 0.6-V 10-bit 200-kS\/s Fully Differential SAR ADC with Incremental Converting Algorithm for Energy Efficient Applications","volume":"63","author":"Song","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1316","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOM.1981.1095151","article-title":"The Structure of Quantization Noise from Sigma-Delta Modulation","volume":"29","author":"Candy","year":"1981","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOM.1986.1096432","article-title":"Decimation for Sigma Delta Modulation","volume":"34","author":"Candy","year":"1986","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2017.2777455","article-title":"A 50 MHz BW 76.1 dB DR Two-Stage Continuous-Time Delta\u2013Sigma Modulator with VCO Quantizer Nonlinearity Cancellation","volume":"53","author":"Dey","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2017.2778284","article-title":"A 4.2-mW 10-MHz BW 74.4-dB SNDR Continuous-Time Delta-Sigma Modulator with SAR-Assisted Digital-Domain Noise Coupling","volume":"53","author":"Jang","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"9","article-title":"The Switched-Capacitor Integrator","volume":"9","author":"Razavi","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Solid-State Circuits Mag."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"375","article-title":"A 6-bit 4 MS\/s 26fJ\/conversion-step segmented SAR ADC with reduced switching energy for BLE","volume":"46","author":"Abbasizadeh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Circuit Theory Appl."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mejo.2017.11.005","article-title":"A 10-bit 1 MS\/s segmented Dual-Sampling SAR ADC with reduced switching energy","volume":"70","author":"Rikan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microelectron. J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2026","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2009.2020248","article-title":"A Temperature-to-Digital Converter Based on an Optimized Electro thermal Filter","volume":"44","author":"Kashmiri","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.3390\/jlpea5040234","article-title":"Hardware-Efficient Delta Sigma-Based Digital Signal Processing Circuits for the Internet-of-Things","volume":"5","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Low Power Electron. Appl."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1109\/TASSP.1981.1163535","article-title":"An economical class of digital filters for decimation and interpolation","volume":"29","author":"Hogenauer","year":"1981","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Acoust. Speech Signal Process"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Hogenauer, E. (1980, January 9\u201311). A class of digital filters for decimation and interpolation. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP\u201980), Denver, CO, USA."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Sewell, J. (1992, January 18). High performance front-end signal processing: System design aids. Proceedings of the IEEE Colloquium on Circuit Theory and DSP, London, UK."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rikan, B.S., Kim, S.Y., Abbasizadeh, H., Hejazi, A., Rad, R., Shehzad, K., Hwang, K., Yang, Y., Lee, M., and Lee, K.Y. (2018). A 10- and 12-Bit Multi-Channel Hybrid Type Successive Approximation Register Analog-to-Digital Converter for Wireless Power Transfer System. Energies, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/en11102673"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gunnam, L.C., Sung, G.-M., and Weng, L.-W. (2017, January 13\u201317). 2+1-Order Switched-Current MASH Delta-Sigma ADC with the Digital Cancellation Circuit. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Applied System Innovation, Sapporo, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASI.2017.7988293"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2147","DOI":"10.1002\/cta.2218","article-title":"A comparative design study of continuous-time incremental sigma-delta ADC architectures","volume":"44","author":"Tao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Circuit Theory Appl."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wen, J.-Y., Chang, P.-H., Huang, J.-F., and Lai, W.-C. (2015, January 19\u201322). Chip Design of a 12-bit 5MS\/s Fully Differential SAR ADC with Resistor-Capacitor Array DAC Technique for Wireless Application. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Signal Processing, Communications and Computing, Ningbo, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSPCC.2015.7338762"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xie, Y., Zhang, M., Wei, B., and Fan, X. (2014, January 3\u20136). High-Speed Low-Power Decimation Filter for Wideband Delta-Sigma ADC. Proceedings of the IEEE 57th International Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems (MWSCAS), College Station, TX, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/MWSCAS.2014.6908484"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mejo.2016.12.003","article-title":"A scalable decimation filter ASIC for high resolution digital magnetometer with sigma-delta modulator feedback loop","volume":"60","author":"Zhi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microelectron. J."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Cui, Y., Huang, J., Wu, L., Cui, X., and Yu, D. (2009, January 25\u201327). An Optimized Design for a Decimation Filter and Implementation for Sigma-Delta ADC. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference of Electron Devices and Solid-State Circuits (EDSSC), Xi\u2019an, China."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Rajan, R., and Pavan, S. (2014, January 9\u201313). A 5mW CT \u0394\u03a3 ADC with Embedded 2nd-Order Active Filter and VGA Achieving 82dB DR in 2MHz BW. Proceedings of the IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference (ISSCC), San Francisco, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tu, C.C., Wang, Y.K., and Lin, T.H. (2017, January 5\u20138). A 0.06 mm2 \u00b1 50 mV Range \u221282 dB THD Chopper VCO-based Sensor Readout Circuit in 40 nm CMOS. Proceedings of the IEEE Symposium on VLSI Circuits, Kyoto, Japan.","DOI":"10.23919\/VLSIC.2017.8008558"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3675","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSI.2018.2854220","article-title":"A 0.9-V 100-\u03bcW Feedforward Adder-Less Inverter-Based MASH Modulator with 91-dB Dynamic Range and 20-kHz Bandwidth","volume":"65","author":"Honarparvar","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Tu, C.C., Lee, F.W., Chen, H.C., Wang, Y.K., and Lin, T.H. (2013, January 6\u20138). An area-efficient capacitively-coupled sensor readout circuit with current-splitting OTA and FIR-DAC. Proceedings of the IEEE Asian Solid-State Circuits Conference (A-SSCC), Seoul, Korea."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2015.2509000","article-title":"A 10 MHz Bandwidth, 70 dB SNDR Continuous Time Delta-Sigma Modulator with Digitally Improved Reconfigurable Blocker Rejection","volume":"51","author":"Ritter","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/12\/4199\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:33:36Z","timestamp":1760196816000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/12\/4199"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,30]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["s18124199"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s18124199","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,30]]}}}