{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T19:45:52Z","timestamp":1773776752776,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,30]],"date-time":"2018-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1543536000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, a dual-band metamaterial absorber (MMA) ring with a mirror reflexed C-shape is introduced for X and Ku band sensing applications. The proposed metamaterial consists of two square ring resonators and a mirror reflexed C-shape, which reveals two distinctive absorption bands in the electromagnetic wave spectrum. The mechanism of the two-band absorber particularly demonstrates two resonance frequencies and absorption was analyzed using a quasi-TEM field distribution. The absorption can be tunable by changing the size of the metallic ring in the frequency spectrum. Design and analysis of the proposed meta-absorber was performed using the finite-integration technique (FIT)-based CST microwave studio simulation software. Two specific absorption peaks value of 99.6% and 99.14% are achieved at 13.78 GHz and 15.3 GHz, respectively. The absorption results have been measured and compared with computational results. The proposed dual-band absorber has potential applications in sensing techniques for satellite communication and radar systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18124209","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,30]],"date-time":"2018-11-30T12:13:17Z","timestamp":1543579997000},"page":"4209","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":104,"title":["A Polarization Independent Quasi-TEM Metamaterial Absorber for X and Ku Band Sensing Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9541-0664","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahasanul","family":"Hoque","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Advanced Electronic and Communication Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4929-3209","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad","family":"Tariqul Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Advanced Electronic and Communication Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8254-1262","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali F.","family":"Almutairi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical Engineering Department, Kuwait University, Kuwait City 13060, Kuwait"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8856-1213","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Touhidul","family":"Alam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Advanced Electronic and Communication Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mandeep","family":"Jit Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Advanced Electronic and Communication Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3250-1307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nowshad","family":"Amin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Sustainable Energy (ISE), Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, Y., Kim, S.-J., Park, H., and Lee, B. (2017). Metamaterials and metasurfaces for sensor applications. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17081726"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1021\/ja807943v","article-title":"Synthesis of an electromagnetic wave absorber for high-speed wireless communication","volume":"131","author":"Namai","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"041102","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.75.041102","article-title":"Electrically resonant terahertz metamaterials: Theoretical and experimental investigations","volume":"75","author":"Padilla","year":"2007","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3966","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.85.3966","article-title":"Negative refraction makes a perfect lens","volume":"85","author":"Pendry","year":"2000","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat3431","article-title":"From metamaterials to metadevices","volume":"11","author":"Zheludev","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"La Spada, L., and Vegni, L. (2018). Electromagnetic nanoparticles for sensing and medical diagnostic applications. Materials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma11040603"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2017.13","article-title":"Near-zero refractive index photonics","volume":"11","author":"Liberal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Photonics"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1202691","article-title":"Transformation optics using graphene","volume":"332","author":"Vakil","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1133628","article-title":"Metamaterial electromagnetic cloak at microwave frequencies","volume":"314","author":"Schurig","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3476","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.36.003476","article-title":"Polarization insensitive, broadband terahertz metamaterial absorber","volume":"36","author":"Grant","year":"2011","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sabah, C. (2018, January 8\u20139). Tunable graphene integrated perfect metamaterial absorber for energy harvesting and visible light communication. Proceedings of the 2018 Global LIFI Congress (GLC), Paris, France.","DOI":"10.23919\/GLC.2018.8319109"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ishii, S., Uchida, K.-I., Dao, T.D., Wada, Y., Saitoh, E., and Nagao, T. (2018). Generating spin current from mid infrared plasmonic metamaterial absorbers. CLEO: QELS Fundamental Science, Optical Society of America.","DOI":"10.1364\/CLEO_QELS.2018.FF2F.8"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"021605","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5004211","article-title":"Angle-and polarization-insensitive broadband metamaterial absorber using resistive fan-shaped resonators","volume":"112","author":"Nguyen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2017.03.044","article-title":"A novel two-layer periodic stepped structure for effective broadband radar electromagnetic absorption","volume":"123","author":"Zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6022","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2013.2280836","article-title":"On the design of single-layer circuit analog absorber using double-square-loop array","volume":"61","author":"Shang","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"064109","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4818318","article-title":"An ultrathin and broadband metamaterial absorber using multi-layer structures","volume":"114","author":"Xiong","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3154","DOI":"10.1109\/20.801112","article-title":"M-Type ferrite composite as a microwave absorber with wide bandwidth in the GHz range","volume":"35","author":"Sugimoto","year":"1999","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Magn."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3272","DOI":"10.1109\/20.908766","article-title":"Wide bandwidth pyramidal absorbers of granular ferrite and carbonyl iron powders","volume":"36","author":"Park","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Magn."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5033","DOI":"10.1007\/s11664-016-4693-0","article-title":"Ultrabroadband microwave metamaterial absorber based on electric SRR loaded with lumped resistors","volume":"45","author":"Zhao","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Electron. Mater."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184503","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4920994","article-title":"Triple-band low frequency ultra-compact metamaterial absorber","volume":"117","author":"Lin","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2492","DOI":"10.1080\/09205071.2015.1043030","article-title":"Design and analysis of perfect metamaterial absorber in GHz and THz frequencies","volume":"29","author":"Dincer","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Electromagn. Waves Appl."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cap.2017.04.008","article-title":"Design and analysis of a new composite double negative metamaterial for multi-band communication","volume":"17","author":"Hossain","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1515\/secm-2014-0376","article-title":"Design and absorption analysis of a new multiband split-s-shaped metamaterial","volume":"24","author":"Islam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Eng. Compos. Mater."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"015103","DOI":"10.1088\/2040-8986\/19\/1\/015103","article-title":"Ultra-broadband microwave metamaterial absorber based on resistive sheets","volume":"19","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Opt."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12091","DOI":"10.1007\/s10854-016-5359-7","article-title":"Tunable perfect metamaterial absorber and sensor applications","volume":"27","author":"Karaaslan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.2528\/PIERC17060203","article-title":"A novel six-band polarization-insensitive metamaterial absorber with four multiple-mode resonators","volume":"77","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog. Electromagn. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1750176","DOI":"10.1142\/S0217984917501767","article-title":"Implementation of a perfect metamaterial absorber into multi-functional sensor applications","volume":"31","author":"Akgol","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mod. Phys. Lett. B"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.2528\/PIERM18042903","article-title":"High sensitivity refractive index sensor based on metamaterial absorber","volume":"71","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog. Electromagn. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"B567","DOI":"10.1149\/2.1971712jes","article-title":"Fluid, strain and rotation sensing applications by using metamaterial based sensor","volume":"164","author":"Altintas","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2018.07.037","article-title":"Design and validation of liquid permittivity sensor based on rcrr microstrip metamaterial","volume":"280","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salim, A., Memon, M.U., and Lim, S. (2018). Simultaneous detection of two chemicals using a te20-mode substrate-integrated waveguide resonator. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18030811"},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Dassault Syst\u00e8mes (2018, October 12). CST Microwave Studio. Available online: https:\/\/www.cst.com."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5727","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2012.2209196","article-title":"New absorbing boundary conditions and analytical model for multilayered mushroom-type metamaterials: Applications to wideband absorbers","volume":"60","author":"Padooru","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2016","DOI":"10.1108\/COMPEL-11-2013-0351","article-title":"Surface plasmon resonance of nanoshell particles with pmma-graphene core","volume":"33","author":"Tarparelli","year":"2014","journal-title":"COMPEL"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5763","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.24.005763","article-title":"Metamaterial-based wideband electromagnetic wave absorber","volume":"24","author":"Vegni","year":"2016","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.1973.1128011","article-title":"Calculation of inductance of finite-length strips and its variation with frequency","volume":"21","author":"Gopinath","year":"1973","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Bahl, I.J., and Bhartia, P. (2003). Microwave Solid State Circuit Design, Wiley-Interscience."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1501168","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1501168","article-title":"Hybrid bilayer plasmonic metasurface efficiently manipulates visible light","volume":"2","author":"Qin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1002\/2017RS006379","article-title":"Modeling and design for electromagnetic surface wave devices","volume":"52","author":"Haq","year":"2017","journal-title":"Radio Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4184","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.84.4184","article-title":"Composite medium with simultaneously negative permeability and permittivity","volume":"84","author":"Smith","year":"2000","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Sadiku, M.N. (2014). Elements of Electromagnetics, Oxford University Press."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caloz, C., and Itoh, T. (2005). Electromagnetic Metamaterials: Transmission Line Theory and Microwave Applications, John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/0471754323"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"In, S., and Park, N. (2015, January 7\u201312). Effects of optical joule heating in metamaterial absorber: A non-linear recursive feedback optical-thermodynamic multiphysics study. Proceedings of the IEEE 2015 9th International Congress on Advanced Electromagnetic Materials in Microwaves and Optics (METAMATERIALS), Oxford, UK.","DOI":"10.1109\/MetaMaterials.2015.7342544"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.2528\/PIER16071706","article-title":"Analysis of the nicolson-ross-weir method for characterizing the electromagnetic properties of engineered materials","volume":"157","author":"Rothwell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prog. Electromagn. Res."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"337","article-title":"A new direct retrieval method of refractive index for the metamaterial","volume":"109","author":"Islam","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1596","DOI":"10.1108\/COMPEL-03-2013-0105","article-title":"Nanoparticle device for biomedical and optoelectronics applications","volume":"32","author":"Iovine","year":"2013","journal-title":"COMPEL"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2015.2430363","article-title":"Radar cross section reduction of a microstrip antenna based on polarization conversion metamaterial","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1109\/TMAG.2013.2284552","article-title":"Optical properties of modified nanorod particles for biomedical sensing","volume":"50","author":"Iovine","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Magn."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1698","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1133268","article-title":"Circuits with light at nanoscales: Optical nanocircuits inspired by metamaterials","volume":"317","author":"Engheta","year":"2007","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29363","DOI":"10.1038\/srep29363","article-title":"Surface wave cloak from graded refractive index nanocomposites","volume":"6","author":"McManus","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/12\/4209\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:33:42Z","timestamp":1760196822000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/12\/4209"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,30]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["s18124209"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s18124209","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,30]]}}}