{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T01:05:55Z","timestamp":1773363955214,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,1]],"date-time":"2018-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1543622400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper demonstrates the performance of a potential design of a paper substrate-based flexible antenna for intrabody telemedicine systems in the 2.4 GHz industrial, scientific, and medical radio (ISM) bands. The antenna was fabricated using 0.54 mm thick flexible photo paper and 0.03 mm copper strips as radiating elements. Design and performance analyses of the antenna were performed using Computer Simulation Technology (CST) Microwave Studio software. The antenna performances were investigated based on the reflection coefficient in normal and bent conditions. The total dimensions of the proposed antenna are 40 \u00d7 35 \u00d7 0.6 mm3. The antenna operates at 2.33\u20132.53 GHz in the normal condition. More than an 8% fractional bandwidth is expressed by the antenna. Computational analysis was performed at different flexible curvatures by bending the antenna. The minimum fractional bandwidth deviation is 5.04% and the maximum is 24.97%. Moreover, it was mounted on a homogeneous phantom muscle and a four-layer human tissue phantom. Up to a 70% radiation efficiency with a 2 dB gain was achieved by the antenna. Finally, the performance of the antenna with a homogeneous phantom muscle was measured and found reliable for wearable telemedicine applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18124214","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,3]],"date-time":"2018-12-03T06:02:09Z","timestamp":1543816929000},"page":"4214","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":66,"title":["Paper-Based Flexible Antenna for Wearable Telemedicine Applications at 2.4 GHz ISM Band"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9352-3884","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md. Amanath","family":"Ullah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Advanced Electronic and Communication Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor 43600, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4929-3209","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad Tariqul","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Advanced Electronic and Communication Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor 43600, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8856-1213","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Touhidul","family":"Alam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Advanced Electronic and Communication Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor 43600, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3444-1202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Farhad Bin","family":"Ashraf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Advanced Electronic and Communication Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor 43600, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4148","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2012.2207079","article-title":"Inkjet printing of novel wideband and high gain antennas on low-cost paper substrate","volume":"6","author":"Cook","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2012.2203291","article-title":"Monopole antenna with inkjet-printed EBG array on paper substrate for wearable applications","volume":"11","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1109\/MAP.2009.5251188","article-title":"Conductive inkjet-printed antennas on flexible low-cost paper-based substrates for RFID and WSN applications","volume":"51","author":"Rida","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Propag. Mag."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845042","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/845042","article-title":"Efficient Design of Flexible and Low Cost Paper-Based Inkjet-Printed Antenna","volume":"2015","author":"Mansour","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-map.2013.0076","article-title":"Inkjet printed dipole antennas on textiles for wearable communications","volume":"7","author":"Chauraya","year":"2013","journal-title":"IET Microw. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2013.2240251","article-title":"Utilizing wideband AMC structures for high-gain inkjet-printed antennas on lossy paper substrate","volume":"12","author":"Cook","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1690","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2013.2239956","article-title":"Textile antennas and sensors for body-worn applications","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1384","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2017.2653768","article-title":"Wearable Button Antenna for Dual-Band WLAN Applications with Combined on and off-Body Radiation Patterns","volume":"65","author":"Hu","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1109\/TCPMT.2016.2521487","article-title":"Wearable AMC Backed Near-Endfire Antenna for On-Body Communications on Latex Substrate","volume":"6","author":"Agarwal","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Compon. Packag. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1002\/bem.2250050408","article-title":"Formulas for preparing phantom muscle tissue at various radiofrequencies","volume":"5","author":"Chou","year":"1984","journal-title":"Bioelectromagnetics"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salonen, P., and Rahmat-Samii, Y. (2006, January 6\u201310). Textile antennas: Effects of antenna bending on input matching and impedance bandwidth. Proceedings of the 2006 First European Conference on Antennas and Propagation, Nice, France.","DOI":"10.1109\/EUCAP.2006.4584859"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2015.2496366","article-title":"A Low-Profile Wearable Antenna Using a Miniature High Impedance Surface for Smartwatch Applications","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1927","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2015.2513962","article-title":"Wearable Inkjet-Printed Wideband Antenna by using Miniaturized AMC for Sub-GHz Applications","volume":"15","author":"Genovesi","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"2456","article-title":"Wearable-Textile Patch Antenna using Jeans as Substrate at 2.45 GHz","volume":"3","author":"Purohit","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Eng. Res. Technol."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/12\/4214\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:33:46Z","timestamp":1760196826000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/12\/4214"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,1]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["s18124214"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s18124214","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,1]]}}}