{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T13:56:39Z","timestamp":1767707799547,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,2]],"date-time":"2018-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1543708800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No.91748207, No.51608437, No. 51720105016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No.91748207, No.51608437, No. 51720105016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No.2017M613114"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No.2017M613114"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"973 Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No. 2015CB057402"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 2015CB057402"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Shaanxi Postdoctoral Science Foundation","award":["No.2017BSHEDZZ69"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No.2017BSHEDZZ69"]}]},{"name":"the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["No. xjj2016011, No. xjj2017077"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. xjj2016011, No. xjj2017077"]}]},{"name":"the fund of the State Key Lab of Digital Manufacturing Equipment &amp; Technology","award":["No. DMETKF2016006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. DMETKF2016006"]}]},{"name":"Open Foundation of the State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems","award":["GZKF-201617"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GZKF-201617"]}]},{"name":"Research Project of State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration the","award":["MSV201813"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MSV201813"]}]},{"name":"111 Program","award":["No.B12016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No.B12016"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Environmental monitoring plays an important role in the preventive protection of ancient buildings, although it is still in the prototype stage. In order to provide data support for the protection of ancient buildings, an environmental monitoring system with multi-sensor and multi-node for the interior and exterior of ancient buildings is designed and realized, based on ZigBee, TCP\/IP, and intranet penetration technology. The new type of indoor node package box and outdoor package device are designed to meet the needs of different types of sensors. The monitoring platform is developed on the strength of the LabView so as to obtain real-time display, storage, and over-limit warning functions for local and remote monitoring data. It also proves that the monitoring system is stable and reliable by monitoring the actual ancient building with a brick (stone) structure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18124234","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,3]],"date-time":"2018-12-03T06:02:09Z","timestamp":1543816929000},"page":"4234","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Environmental Monitoring of Ancient Buildings Based on a Wireless Sensor Network"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Qijing","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center of High-End Manufacturing Equipment, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fuzheng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weile","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Heritage Sites &amp; Historical Architecture Conservation, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"},{"name":"School of Architecture, Xi\u2019an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi\u2019an 710055, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wan, R., Kong, D.Q., and Zhang, L.X. (2018). Study on Bottom Damp-Proof Method of Cave Dwelling. Adv. Civ. Eng.","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/3096312"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cannizzaro, F., Pant\u00f2, B., Lepidi, M., Caddemi, S., and Cali\u00f2, I. (2017). Multi-Directional Seismic Assessment of Historical Masonry Buildings by Means of Macro-Element Modelling: Application to a Building Damaged during the L\u2019Aquila Earthquake (Italy). Buildings, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings7040106"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Richards-Rissetto, H. (2017). An iterative 3D GIS analysis of the role of visibility in ancient Maya landscapes: A case study from Copan, Honduras. Digit. Scholarsh. Humanit., 32.","DOI":"10.1093\/llc\/fqx014"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.2750\/arp.31.26","article-title":"The Reconstruction Problems that became Clear from the Plans and Projects for Reconstruction of Tsunami Stricken Fishery Village Area","volume":"31","author":"Sato","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Rural Plan. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"169","article-title":"Monitoring of Architectural Heritage under the Concept of Preventive Conservation","volume":"29","author":"Wu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Huazhong Archit."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.culher.2011.03.008","article-title":"Deterioration of Yungang Grottoes: Diagnosis and research","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Cult. Herit."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abruzzese, D., Angelaccio, M., Giuliano, R., Miccoli, L., and Vari, A. (2009, January 21\u201323). Monitoring and vibration risk assessment in cultural heritage via Wireless Sensors Network. Proceedings of the 2009 2nd Conference on Human System Interactions, Catania, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/HSI.2009.5091040"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)TE.1943-5436.0000126","article-title":"Using GPS data to gain insight into public transport travel time variability","volume":"136","author":"Mazloumi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Transp. Eng."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3067","DOI":"10.3390\/s8053067","article-title":"Wireless Network for Measurement of Whole-Body Vibration","volume":"8","author":"Diogo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmad, F., Khan, I., Mahmud, A.S., Khan, M.G., and Yousaf, Z.F. (2013, January 2\u20136). Real time evaluation of shortest remaining processing time based schedulers for traffic congestion control using wireless sensor networks. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Connected Vehicles and Expo (ICCVE), Las Vegas, NV, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCVE.2013.6799824"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.3390\/s16020157","article-title":"A Survey on Urban Traffic Management System Using Wireless Sensor Networks","volume":"16","author":"Kapileswar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9687","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2018.2813982","article-title":"Target Tracking for Wireless Localization Systems with Degraded Measurements and Quantization Effects","volume":"65","author":"Bai","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4968","DOI":"10.3390\/s100504968","article-title":"Testing ZigBee motes for monitoring refrigerated vegetable transportation under real conditions","volume":"10","author":"Ruizgarcia","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1007\/s11119-018-9565-6","article-title":"Toward a higher yield: A wireless sensor network-based temperature monitoring and fan-circulating system for precision cultivation in plant factories","volume":"19","author":"Jiang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Precis. Agric."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1504\/IJW.2018.095397","article-title":"Continuous and remote monitoring of ground water level measurement in a well","volume":"12","author":"Rose","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Water"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2017.10.154","article-title":"Portable device for acetone detection based on cataluminescence sensor utilizing wireless communication technique","volume":"257","author":"Shi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"255","article-title":"Application of ZigBee wireless sensor network in gas monitoring system","volume":"62","author":"Hu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Tech. CSAV"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"1014","article-title":"Interoperable End-to-End Remote Patient Monitoring Platform based on IEEE 11073 PHD and ZigBee Health Care Profile","volume":"65","author":"Clarke","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24408","DOI":"10.3390\/s141224408","article-title":"A smart city application: A fully controlled street lighting isle based on Raspberry-Pi card, a ZigBee sensor network and WiMAX","volume":"14","author":"Leccese","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8235127","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/8235127","article-title":"Intelligent Smoke Alarm System with Wireless Sensor Network Using ZigBee","volume":"2018","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Wirel. Commun. Mob. Comput."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRD.2012.2212215","article-title":"Remote-control system of high efficiency and intelligent street lighting using a zig bee network of devices and sensors","volume":"28","author":"Leccese","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Deliv."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"457","article-title":"Designing Wireless Monitoring System of Mountain Agriculture Based on ZigBee","volume":"54","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hubei Agric. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2981","DOI":"10.3390\/s140202981","article-title":"Wireless remote monitoring of toxic gases in shipbuilding","volume":"14","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.14257\/ijsh.2014.8.6.14","article-title":"Design and Implementation of Smart Home System Based on ZigBee Technology","volume":"8","author":"Gong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Smart Home"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"8","article-title":"Design of Intelligent pH Analyzer Based on ZigBee","volume":"6","author":"Huang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Control Instrum. Chem. Ind."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2018.07.004","article-title":"Validation and application of a novel solution for environmental monitoring: A three months study at \u201cMinerva Medica\u201d archaeological site in Rome","volume":"129","author":"Palermo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7246","DOI":"10.3390\/s150407246","article-title":"Design of a hybrid (wired\/wireless) acquisition data system for monitoring of cultural heritage physical parameters in smart cities","volume":"15","author":"Esteban","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-09617-9_55","article-title":"Analysis and Implementation of Distributed Data Processing in a Wireless Sensor Network for Structural Health Monitoring","volume":"319","author":"Federici","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lect. Notes Electr. Eng."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2015.12.036","article-title":"Experimental assessment of a wireless communications platform for the built and natural heritage","volume":"82","year":"2016","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"D\u2019Alvia, L., Palermo, E., Rossi, S., and Cappa, P. (2016, January 19\u201321). Development of wireless sensor network for museum environmental monitoring. Proceedings of the IMEKO International Conference on Metrology for Archeology and Cultural Heritage, Torino, Italy."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20562","DOI":"10.3390\/s141120562","article-title":"Wireless Sensor Networks for Heritage Object Deformation Detection and Tracking Algorithm","volume":"14","author":"Xie","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9290","DOI":"10.3390\/s140509290","article-title":"A New Acquisition and Imaging System for Environmental Measurements: An Experience on the Italian Cultural Heritage","volume":"14","author":"Leccese","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mesas-Carrascosa, F.J., Verd\u00fa Santano, D., de Larriva, J.E.M., Ort\u00edz Cordero, R., Hidalgo Fern\u00e1ndez, R.E., and Garc\u00eda-Ferrer, A. (2016). Monitoring heritage buildings with open source hardware sensors: A case study of the mosque-cathedral of C\u00f3rdoba. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16101620"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"571","article-title":"Micro environment control system of Mogao Grottoes in Dunhuang","volume":"32","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mech. Electr. Eng."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aparicio, S., Mart\u00ednezgarrido, M., Ranz, J., Fort, R., and Izquierdo, M.\u00c1.G. (2016). Routing Topologies of Wireless Sensor Networks for Health Monitoring of a Cultural Heritage Site. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16101732"},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Leccese, F., Cagnetti, M., Tuti, S., Gabriele, P., De Francesco, E., \u00d0urovi\u0107-Pej\u010dev, R., and Pecora, A. (2017, January 23\u201325). Modified LEACH for Necropolis Scenario. Proceedings of the IMEKO International Conference on Metrology for Archaeology and Cultural Heritage, Lecce, Italy."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8779","DOI":"10.3390\/s140508779","article-title":"Remote assessment of cultural heritage environments with wireless sensor array networks","volume":"14","author":"Agbota","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Zhao, Y., Wang, Y., Liu, Y., and Cheng, F. (2016, January 28\u201330). Ancient building electrical fire early warning system based on JenNet wireless technology. Proceedings of the 2016 Chinese Control and Decision Conference (CCDC), Yinchuan, China."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"42","article-title":"Design of Pulse Measuring Instrument Based on CC2530 Wireless Microcontroller","volume":"4","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Jilin Norm. Univ. J."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6180","DOI":"10.1109\/TW.2013.110813.130035","article-title":"ZigBee-assisted power saving for more efficient and sustainable ad hoc networks","volume":"12","author":"Qin","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhattacharya, A., and Kumar, A. (2015). An Approximation to the QoS Aware throughput Region of a Tree Network under IEEE 802.15.4 CSMA\/CA with Application to Wireless Sensor Network Design, Elsevier Science Publishers B.V.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2015.04.003"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cagnetti, M., Leccese, F., and Proietti, A. (2012, January 18\u201325). Energy saving project for heating system with ZigBee wireless control network. Proceedings of the 2012 11th International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering (EEEIC 2012), Venice, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/EEEIC.2012.6221443"},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"11875","article-title":"Energy saving and monitoring system for urban street lamps based on Zigbee wireless communication technology","volume":"21","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Adv. Oxid. Technol."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/12\/4234\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:34:00Z","timestamp":1760196840000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/12\/4234"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,2]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["s18124234"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s18124234","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,2]]}}}