{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T09:47:41Z","timestamp":1777456061546,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,3]],"date-time":"2018-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1543795200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The possibility of exposure to botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT), a powerful and potential bioterrorism agent, is considered to be ever increasing. The current gold-standard assay, live-mouse lethality, exhibits high sensitivity but has limitations including long assay times, whereas other assays evince rapidity but lack factors such as real-time monitoring or portability. In this study, we aimed to devise a novel detection system that could detect BoNT at below-nanomolar concentrations in the form of a stretchable biosensor. We used a field-effect transistor with a p-type channel and electrodes, along with a channel comprising aligned carbon nanotube layers to detect the type E light chain of BoNT (BoNT\/E-Lc). The detection of BoNT\/E-Lc entailed observing the cleavage of a unique peptide and the specific bonding between BoNT\/E-Lc and antibody BoNT\/E-Lc (Anti-BoNT\/E-Lc). The unique peptide was cleaved by 60 pM BoNT\/E-Lc; notably, 52 fM BoNT\/E-Lc was detected within 1 min in the device with the antibody in the bent state. These results demonstrated that an all-carbon nanotube-based device (all-CNT-based device) could be produced without a complicated fabrication process and could be used as a biosensor with high sensitivity, suggesting its potential development as a wearable BoNT biosensor.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18124235","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,3]],"date-time":"2018-12-03T06:02:09Z","timestamp":1543816929000},"page":"4235","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Real-Time Monitoring of a Botulinum Neurotoxin Using All-Carbon Nanotube-Based Field-Effect Transistor Devices"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Nam Hee","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea"},{"name":"Energy Materials Metrology, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, 267 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seung-Hoon","family":"Nahm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Energy Materials Metrology, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, 267 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Insung S.","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/0163-7258(82)90061-4","article-title":"Clostridium botulinum toxins","volume":"19","author":"Sakaguchi","year":"1983","journal-title":"Pharmacol. 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