{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,28]],"date-time":"2026-06-28T08:00:00Z","timestamp":1782633600543,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":145,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,7]],"date-time":"2018-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1544140800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>With the rapid development of the world\u2019s transportation infrastructure, many long-span bridges were constructed in recent years, especially in China. However, these bridges are easily subjected to various damages due to dynamic loads (such as wind-, earthquake-, and vehicle-induced vibration) or environmental factors (such as corrosion). Therefore, structural health monitoring (SHM) is vital to guarantee the safety of bridges in their service lives. With its wide frequency response range, fast response, simple preparation process, ease of processing, low cost, and other advantages, the piezoelectric transducer is commonly employed for the SHM of bridges. This paper summarizes the application of piezoelectric materials for the SHM of bridges, including the monitoring of the concrete strength, bolt looseness, steel corrosion, and grouting density. For each problem, the application of piezoelectric materials in different research methods is described. The related data processing methods for four types of bridge detection are briefly summarized, and the principles of each method in practical application are listed. Finally, issues to be studied when using piezoelectric materials for monitoring are discussed, and future application prospects and development directions are presented.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18124312","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,7]],"date-time":"2018-12-07T03:46:14Z","timestamp":1544154374000},"page":"4312","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":78,"title":["Advances in the Structural Health Monitoring of Bridges Using Piezoelectric Transducers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1320-8885","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yunzhu","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Traffic Engineering, Shenyang Jianzhu University, Shenyang 110168, Liaoning, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8605-1196","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xingwei","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Traffic Engineering, Shenyang Jianzhu University, Shenyang 110168, Liaoning, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Zheng, X.F. (2002). Research and Application of Bridge Vibration Detection System, Chongqing University."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"1715","article-title":"Technology Developments in Structural Health Monitoring of Large-Scale Bridges","volume":"27","author":"Ko","year":"2005","journal-title":"Steel Constr."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Song, G., Gu, H., and Li, H. (2006, January 5\u20138). Application of the Piezoelectric Materials for Health Monitoring in Civil Engineering: An Overview. Proceedings of the Biennial Conference on Engineering, Construction, and Operations in Challenging Environments, Houston, TX, USA."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115016","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/23\/11\/115016","article-title":"Online monitoring of cracking in concrete structures using embedded piezoelectric transducers","volume":"23","author":"Dumoulin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qi, B., Kong, Q., Qian, H., Patil, D., Lim, I., Li, M., Liu, D., and Song, G. (2018). Study of Impact Damage in PVA-ECC Beam under Low-Velocity Impact Loading Using Piezoceramic Transducers and PVDF Thin-Film Transducers. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18020671"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"130","article-title":"Research Status of Methods for Improving PZT Piezoelectric Properties","volume":"27","author":"Gu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mater. Rev."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Liu, T.G. (2016). Research on Multilayer Piezoelectric Ceramic Impact Sensor, China Academy of Engineering Physics."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"764","article-title":"Development of concrete embedded piezoelectric dynamic shear stress sensor","volume":"37","author":"Xu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Piezoelectrics Acoustooptics"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"033001","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/17\/3\/033001","article-title":"Smart aggregates: Multi-functional sensors for concrete structures\u2014A tutorial and a review","volume":"17","author":"Song","year":"2008","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"122","article-title":"Overview of Piezoelectric Sensors for Structural Health Monitoring","volume":"31","author":"Xue","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater. Rev."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.3901\/JME.2009.02.262","article-title":"Optimal Positioning, Size and Control Fusion of Piezoelectric Pieces for Piezoelectric Smart Cantilever Beams","volume":"45","author":"Zhu","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Mech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"101","article-title":"Multiple crack detection of pipeline using impedance-based structural health monitoring techniques","volume":"30","author":"Du","year":"2013","journal-title":"J WUT"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2016.02.002","article-title":"Numerical Investigations on Energy Harvesting Potential of Thin PZT Patches Adhesively Bonded on RC Structures","volume":"241","author":"Kaur","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s13349-013-0048-1","article-title":"Feasibility of energy harvesting from thin piezo patches via axial strain (d 31) actuation mode","volume":"4","author":"Kaur","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Civ. Struct. Health Monit."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaur, N., and Bhalla, S. (2014). Combined Energy Harvesting and Structural Health Monitoring Potential of Embedded Piezo-Concrete Vibration Sensors. J. Energy Eng., 141.","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)EY.1943-7897.0000224"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"113","article-title":"Experimental study on cemented package of embedded piezoelectric impedance sensor","volume":"38","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Huazhong Univ. Sci. Technol. (Natural Sci. Ed.)"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/16\/4\/003","article-title":"Concrete structural health monitoring using embedded piezoceramic transducers","volume":"16","author":"Song","year":"2007","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.12989\/sss.2015.15.4.997","article-title":"Detection of flexural damage stages for RC beams using Piezoelectric sensors (PZT)","volume":"15","author":"Karayannis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Smart Struct. Syst."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1515\/eng-2015-0046","article-title":"Damage Evaluation in Shear-Critical Reinforced Concrete Beam using Piezoelectric Transducers as Smart Aggregates","volume":"5","author":"Chalioris","year":"2015","journal-title":"Open Eng."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"065026","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/19\/6\/065026","article-title":"Multi-functional smart aggregate-based structural health monitoring of circular reinforced concrete columns subjected to seismic excitations","volume":"19","author":"Gu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3149","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/18\/4\/047001","article-title":"Health monitoring of reinforced concrete shear walls using smart aggregates","volume":"18","author":"Yan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"075001","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/18\/7\/075001","article-title":"Progressive collapse of a two-story reinforced concrete frame with embedded smart aggregates","volume":"18","author":"Laskar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"075014","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/20\/7\/075014","article-title":"Smart-aggregate-based damage detection of fiber-reinforced-polymer-strengthened columns under reversed cyclic loading","volume":"20","author":"Howser","year":"2011","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000846","article-title":"Application of Local Reference-Free Damage Detection Techniques to In Situ Bridges","volume":"140","author":"An","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Struct. Eng."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsangouri, E., Karaiskos, G., Deraemaeker, A., Hemelrijck, D.V., and Aggelis, D. (2015). Crack sealing and damage recovery monitoring of a concrete healing system using embedded piezoelectric transducers. Struct. Health Monit., 14.","DOI":"10.1177\/1475921715596219"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huo, L., Li, X., Li, H., Wang, Z., and Song, G. (2017). Dynamic Modelling of Embeddable Piezoceramic Transducers. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17122801"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huynh, T.C., Dang, N.L., and Kim, J.T. (2018). Preload Monitoring in Bolted Connection Using Piezoelectric-Based Smart Interface. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201808.0336.v1"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/784731","article-title":"Impedance-Based Cable Force Monitoring in Tendon-Anchorage Using Portable PZT-Interface Technique","volume":"2014","author":"Huynh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Math. Probl. Eng."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nguyen, K.D., Lee, P.Y., and Kim, J.T. (2012). Smart PZT-interface for SHM in tendon-anchorage of cable-stayed bridge. Proc. SPIE, 8345.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.917538"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huynh, T.C., Nguyen, T.C., Choi, S.H., and Kim, J.T. (2016). Impedance monitoring at tendon-anchorage via mountable PZT interface and temperature-effect compensation. Proc. SPIE Int. Soc. Opt. Eng., 97990A.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2218969"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1679","DOI":"10.1177\/1045389X14536010","article-title":"Modeling and Analysis of Lamb Wave Propagation in a Beam under Lead Zirconate Titanate Actuation and Sensing","volume":"26","author":"Venugopal","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Intell. Mater. Syst. Struct."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsv.2009.02.028","article-title":"Guided wave propagation and spectral element method for debonding damage assessment in RC structures","volume":"324","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Sound Vib."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/AMM.553.687","article-title":"Modelling of Guided Wave Propagation with Spectral Element: Application in Structural Engineering","volume":"553","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Mech. Mater."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1350061","DOI":"10.1142\/S0219455413500612","article-title":"Damage detection of shear connectors in bridge structures with transmissibility in frequency domain","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Struct. Stab. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"187","article-title":"Experimental study on uniaxial failure of piezoelectric intelligent concrete based on wave theory","volume":"30","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Disaster Prev. Mitig. Eng."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"206","article-title":"Concrete crack damage monitoring technology based on piezoelectric wave method","volume":"30","author":"Sun","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eng. Mech."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Sun, W., Yan, S., and Zhang, Y. (2008). Numerical Simulation of Concrete Structure Health Monitoring Technology Based on Piezoelectric Ceramic Sensor. Concrete, 34\u201338."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"75","article-title":"Large-scale bridge monitoring based on wavelet neural network","volume":"28","author":"Yu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Gansu Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Huang, S.J. (2013). Research on Bridge Health Monitoring Based on Wavelet Neural Network. Comput. Mod., 44\u201347."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Chen, J. (2016). Early Strength Monitoring of Concrete Based on Piezoelectric Wave Method, Shenyang Jianzhu University."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"1","article-title":"Self-focusing performance of time reversal method in the presence of a flat interface","volume":"18","author":"Wei","year":"1999","journal-title":"Appl. Acoust."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Zhao, N.Z. (2013). Research on Pipe Structure Crack Monitoring Based on Piezoelectric Ultrasonic Guided Wave Time Reversal Method, Dalian University of Technology."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huo, L., Wang, B., Chen, D., and Song, G. (2017). Monitoring of Pre-Load on Rock Bolt Using Piezoceramic-Transducer Enabled Time Reversal Method. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17112467"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"035010","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/25\/3\/035010","article-title":"Health monitoring of cuplok scaffold joint connection using piezoceramic transducers and time reversal method","volume":"25","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2017.04.040","article-title":"Grouting monitoring of post-tensioning tendon duct using PZT enabled time-reversal method","volume":"122","author":"Tian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, W., Zhang, G., Li, H., Huo, L., and Song, G. (2017). A novel time reversal sub-roup imaging method with noise suppression for damage detection of plate-ike structures. Struct. Control Health Monit., 25.","DOI":"10.1002\/stc.2111"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"254","article-title":"Stability analysis of jointed rock slopes by finite element strength reduction method","volume":"22","author":"Zhao","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chin. J. Rock Mech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"261","article-title":"Energy dissipation constitutive model and its application to stability analysis of high slope of Three Gorges Ship Lock","volume":"19","author":"Zhu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Chin. J. Rock Mech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"44","article-title":"Application of Bionic Crack Monitoring in Concrete Bridges","volume":"6","author":"Xu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Highway Transp. Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijleo.2015.12.087","article-title":"Hilbert-Huang Transform Based Method for Monitoring the Crack of Concrete Arch by Using FBG Sensors","volume":"127","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Optik Int. J. Light Electron Opt."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"385","article-title":"Fatigue Damage Evolution and Monitoring of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer Bridge Cable by Acoustic Emission Technique","volume":"2012","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Distrib. Sens. Netw."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1007\/s11012-007-9101-7","article-title":"Critical defect size distributions in concrete structures detected by the acoustic emission technique","volume":"43","author":"Carpinteri","year":"2008","journal-title":"Meccanica"},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"595","article-title":"Structural health monitoring using piezoceramic transducers as strain gauges and acoustic emission sensors simultaneously","volume":"20","author":"Huo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput. Concr."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"89","article-title":"Review on the Application of Acoustic Emission Technology in Civil Engineering","volume":"32","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prog. Water Resour. Hydropower Technol. Adv. Sci. Technol. Water Resour."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2006.04.008","article-title":"Site installation and testing of acontinuous acoustic monitoring","volume":"21","author":"Fricker","year":"2007","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2006.04.010","article-title":"Detection and evaluation of failures in high-strength tendon of prestressed concrete bridges by acoustic emission","volume":"21","author":"Yuyama","year":"2007","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Mohammed, R. (1996, January 8\u201313). An insight into the NDT of steel cables by acoustic emission. Proceedings of the 14th World Conference on Non-Destructive Testing, New Delhi, India."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"205","article-title":"Continuous acoustic monitoring of suspension bridges and cable stays","volume":"3400","author":"Paulson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE Int. Soc. Opt. Eng."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rizzo, P.V., and Scalea, F.L.D. (2001, January 6\u20138). Acoustic emission monitoring of CFRP cables for cable-stayed bridges. Proceedings of the Health Monitoring and Management of Civil Infrastructure Systems, Newport Beach, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.435585"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02323146","article-title":"Acoustic emission monitoring of carbon-fiber-reinforced-polymer bridge stay cables in large-scale testing","volume":"41","author":"Rizzo","year":"2001","journal-title":"Exp. Mech."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1177\/1045389X09352816","article-title":"Application of electromechanical impedance technique for engineering structures: Review and future issues","volume":"21","author":"Annamdas","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Intell. Mater. Syst. Struct."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1002\/eqe.72","article-title":"Feasibility of using impedance-based damage assessment for pipeline structures","volume":"30","author":"Park","year":"2001","journal-title":"Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"438","article-title":"Structural Health Monitoring with Piezoelectric Wafer Active Sensors (Second Edition)","volume":"58","author":"Giurgiutiu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/13\/3\/020","article-title":"Detection and monitoring of hidden fatigue crack growth using a built-in piezoelectric sensor\/actuator network: I. Diagnostics","volume":"13","author":"Ihn","year":"2004","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ihn, J.-B., and Chang, F.-K. (2004). Detection and monitoring of hidden fatigue crack growth using a built-in piezoelectric sensor\/actuator network: II. Validation using riveted joints and repair patches. Smart Mater. Struct., 13.","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/13\/3\/021"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2031","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/AMR.79-82.2031","article-title":"Detection and Characterization of Fatigue Induced Damage Using Electromechanical Impedance Technique","volume":"79\u201382","author":"Soh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1080\/09349847.2013.848311","article-title":"Electro-Mechanical Impedance (EMI)-Based Incipient Crack Monitoring and Critical Crack Identification of Beam Structures","volume":"25","author":"Lim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Res. Nondestruct. Eval."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"373","article-title":"Structural health monitoring using piezoelectric impedance measurements","volume":"365","author":"Park","year":"2007","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-2695.2008.01248.x","article-title":"Structural health monitoring using electro-mechanical impedance sensors","volume":"31","author":"Park","year":"2010","journal-title":"Fatigue Fract. Eng. Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2008.02.017","article-title":"Application of electro-mechanical impedance sensing technique for online monitoring of strength development in concrete using smart PZT patches","volume":"23","author":"Shin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"411","article-title":"Experimental study of nondestructive testing for grouting quality in prestressed concrete T-beam","volume":"19","author":"Yang","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Vib. Eng."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"Quinn, P., Palacios, L., Carman, G., and Speyer, J. (1999, January 27\u201330). Health monitoring of structures using directional piezoelectrics. Proceedings of the ASME Mechanics and Materials Conference, Blacksburg, VA, USA."},{"key":"ref_73","unstructured":"Lopes, V., Park, G., Cudney, H.H., Inman, D.J., and Chang, F.K. (1999). Smart Structures Health Monitoring Using Artificial Neural Network, Technomic Publ Co Inc."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9845(199908)28:8<879::AID-EQE845>3.0.CO;2-V","article-title":"An Experimental Study of Temperature Effect on Modal Parameters of the Alamosa Canyon Bridge","volume":"28","author":"Sohn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/9\/4\/317","article-title":"Performance of smart piezoceramic patches in health monitoring of a RC bridge","volume":"9","author":"Soh","year":"2000","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.3390\/s140101208","article-title":"An experimental study on the effect of temperature on piezoelectric sensors for impedance-based structural health monitoring","volume":"14","author":"Baptista","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1177\/1475921711414234","article-title":"Real-time multi-sensors measurement system with temperature effects compensation for impedance-based structural health monitoring","volume":"11","author":"Baptista","year":"2012","journal-title":"Struct. Health Monit."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65320C","DOI":"10.1117\/12.715680","article-title":"Impedance-based structural health monitoring considering temperature effects","volume":"6532","author":"Koo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Spie"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1177\/1045389X08088664","article-title":"Automated Impedance-based Structural Health Monitoring Incorporating Effective Frequency Shift for Compensating Temperature Effects","volume":"20","author":"Koo","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Intell. Mater. Syst. Struct."},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"437","article-title":"Crack Damage Monitoring of Concrete Based on Piezoelectric Ceramics","volume":"31","author":"Zhao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Piezoelectrics Acoustooptics"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dumoulin, C., Karaiskos, G., and Deraemaeker, A. (2015). 8\u2013Monitoring of crack propagation in reinforced concrete beams using embedded piezoelectric transducers. Acoustic Emission and Related Non-Destructive Evaluation Techniques in the Fracture Mechanics of Concrete, Woodhead Publishing.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-822136-5.00008-3"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125026","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/24\/12\/125026","article-title":"Bond slip detection of concrete-encased composite structure using shear wave based active sensing approach","volume":"24","author":"Zeng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-8368(01)00017-8","article-title":"Health monitoring of concrete structures strengthened with advanced composite materials using piezoelectric transducers","volume":"32","author":"Saafi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Compos. Part B"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymssp.2005.10.002","article-title":"Non-linear feature identifications based on self-sensing impedance measurements for structural health assessment","volume":"21","author":"Rutherford","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mech. Syst. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_85","first-page":"65321I","article-title":"Impedance-based structural health monitoring of wind turbine blades","volume":"6532","author":"Pitchford","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE Int. Soc. Opt. Eng."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1177\/1045389X13507346","article-title":"Response of impedance measured by polyvinylidene fluoride film sensors to damage propagation for wind turbine blade","volume":"25","author":"Huh","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Intell. Mater. Syst. Struct."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1590\/S1678-58782012000500008","article-title":"Architecture of a remote impedance-based structural health monitoring system for aircraft applications","volume":"34","author":"Martins","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Braz. Soc. Mech. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1007\/s11340-006-8734-0","article-title":"Multiple Crack Detection of Concrete Structures Using Impedance-based Structural Health Monitoring Techniques","volume":"46","author":"Park","year":"2006","journal-title":"Exp. Mech."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)1076-0342(2000)6:4(153)","article-title":"Impedance-Based Health Monitoring of Civil Structural Components","volume":"6","author":"Cudney","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Infrastruct. Syst."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1002\/stc.1507","article-title":"Assessing joint integrity of a lug assembly using piezoelectric active sensors","volume":"19","author":"Shin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Struct. Control Health Monit."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2016.01.042","article-title":"Damage detection of concrete piles subject to typical damage types based on stress wave measurement using embedded smart aggregates transducers","volume":"88","author":"Feng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1080\/19475411.2015.1089525","article-title":"Water presence detection in a concrete crack using smart aggregates","volume":"6","author":"Kong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Smart Nano Mater."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/15\/2\/041","article-title":"Detection of bolt loosening in C\u2013C composite thermal protection panels: I. Diagnostic principle","volume":"15","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"087001","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/22\/8\/087001","article-title":"Proof-of-concept study of monitoring bolt connection status using a piezoelectric based active sensing method","volume":"22","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104010","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-665X\/aa6e93","article-title":"A fractal contact theory based model for bolted connection looseness monitoring using piezoceramic transducers","volume":"26","author":"Huo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, F., Huo, L.S., and Song, G. (2018). A piezoelectric active sensing method for quantitative monitoring of bolt loosening using energy dissipation caused by tangential damping based on the fractal contact theory. Smart Mater. Struct., 27.","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-665X\/aa9a65"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"025033","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-665X\/26\/2\/025033","article-title":"Smart washer\u2014A piezoceramic-based transducer to monitor looseness of bolted connection","volume":"26","author":"Huo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"057004","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-665X\/aa6a8e","article-title":"Impedance based bolt pre-load monitoring using piezoceramic smart washer","volume":"26","author":"Huo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kong, Q., Zhu, J., Michael Ho, S.C., and Song, G. (2018). Tapping and listening: A new approach to bolt looseness monitoring. Smart Mater. Struct., 27.","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-665X\/aac962"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, Y., and Tang, T. (2018). Steel Bar corrosion monitoring based on encapsulated piezoelectric sensors. IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng., 351.","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/351\/1\/012002"},{"key":"ref_101","unstructured":"Li, L. (2015). Research on Steel Bar Corrosion Monitoring in Concrete Structure Based on Piezoelectric Sensor. [Ph.D. Thesis, Jinan Universty]."},{"key":"ref_102","unstructured":"Li, J.H., Deng, Z.C., and Du, X.L. (2007). Application and development of FRP in bridge structure. Highway, 58\u201365."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1992","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2017.2660301","article-title":"Detection of Debonding Between Fiber Reinforced Polymer Bar and Concrete Structure Using Piezoceramic Transducers and Wavelet Packet Analysis","volume":"17","author":"Jiang","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115039","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/24\/11\/115039","article-title":"Bond slip detection of steel plate and concrete beams using smart aggregates","volume":"24","author":"Qin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115020","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/24\/11\/115020","article-title":"Crack detection and leakage monitoring on reinforced concrete pipe","volume":"24","author":"Feng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_106","first-page":"209","article-title":"Impedance Method for Leak Detection in Zigzag Pipelines","volume":"10","author":"Vergallo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Meas. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1695","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2011.2177656","article-title":"Energy-Aware Pipeline Monitoring System Using Piezoelectric Sensor","volume":"12","author":"Choi","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1007\/s11465-008-0047-9","article-title":"Leakage location system for oil pipeline on basis of stress wave detection","volume":"3","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Front. Mech. Eng. China"},{"key":"ref_109","first-page":"991","article-title":"A New Sensor for Pipe Inspection by Lamb Waves","volume":"58","author":"Guo","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mater. Eval."},{"key":"ref_110","first-page":"337","article-title":"Detection of interface defects of concrete filled steel tube based on externally attached piezoelectric materials","volume":"37","author":"Cai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Piezoelectrics Acoustooptics"},{"key":"ref_111","first-page":"86","article-title":"Research on Peeling Damage Identification of Concrete Filled Steel Tubular Column Based on Piezoelectric Ceramic","volume":"45","author":"Xu","year":"2012","journal-title":"China Civ. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ndteint.2018.06.002","article-title":"Wave propagation based monitoring of concrete curing using piezoelectric materials: Review and path forward","volume":"99","author":"Lim","year":"2018","journal-title":"NDT E Int."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2003.10.002","article-title":"Continuous monitoring of setting and hardening of mortar and concrete","volume":"18","author":"Reinhardt","year":"2004","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2008.04.006","article-title":"Monitoring the setting of concrete containing blast-furnace slag by measuring the ultrasonic p-wave velocity","volume":"38","author":"Robeyst","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47001","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/21\/4\/047001","article-title":"Monitoring of the ultrasonic P-wave velocity in early-age concrete with embedded piezoelectric transducers","volume":"21","author":"Dumoulin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1080\/15732479.2014.920397","article-title":"Integrating embedded piezoelectric sensors with continuous wavelet transforms for real-time concrete curing strength monitoring","volume":"11","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Struct. Infrastruct. Eng."},{"key":"ref_117","first-page":"1","article-title":"Research on Monitor Method lo Strength of Concrete Based on Piezoelectric Smart Aggregate","volume":"16","author":"Sun","year":"2016","journal-title":"China Concr. Cem. Prod."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-947X(2006)132:7(565)","article-title":"Application of Cement-Based Piezoelectric Sensors for Monitoring Traffic Flows","volume":"132","author":"Li","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Transp. Eng."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/16\/2\/026","article-title":"An overheight vehicle\u2013bridge collision monitoring system using piezoelectric transducers","volume":"16","author":"Song","year":"2007","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/10\/2\/323","article-title":"Impact identification of stiffened composite panels: II. Implementation studies","volume":"10","author":"Seydel","year":"2001","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_121","unstructured":"Zhou, W. (2004). On load identification for piezoelectric smart structures. Acta Mech. Sin., 36."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.2514\/3.13033","article-title":"Identification of impact force and location using distributed sensor","volume":"34","author":"Choi","year":"1996","journal-title":"Aiaa J."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1177\/1475921712451951","article-title":"Impact localization in composite structures of arbitrary cross section","volume":"11","author":"Ciampa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Struct. Control Health Monit."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1177\/1045389X05053918","article-title":"Impact Damage Detection in Composite Laminates Using PVDF and PZT Sensor Signals","volume":"16","author":"Kim","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Intell. Mater. Syst. Struct."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"085020","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-665X\/aa7254","article-title":"Identification of the impact direction using the beat signals detected by piezoceramic sensors","volume":"26","author":"Huo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/AMM.638-640.41","article-title":"Damage Monitoring Research of the Concrete Structure Based on the Piezoelectric Impedance","volume":"638\u2013640","author":"Qin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Mech. Mater."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2010.05.010","article-title":"Case studies on ungrouted tendon-duct in prestressed concrete models by SIBIE","volume":"24","author":"Yamada","year":"2010","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, T., Kong, Q., Wang, W., Huo, L., and Song, G. (2016). Monitoring of Grouting Compactness in a Post-Tensioning Tendon Duct Using Piezoceramic Transducers. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16081343"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, T., Zheng, J., Huo, L., and Song, G. (2017). Finite Element Analysis of Grouting Compactness Monitoring in a Post-Tensioning Tendon Duct Using Piezoceramic Transducers. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17102239"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1179\/stw.1996.1.1.1","article-title":"Review of control systems for resistance spot welding: Past and current practices and emerging trends","volume":"1","author":"Messler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Technol. Weld. Join."},{"key":"ref_131","first-page":"215","article-title":"Overview of resistance spot welding control","volume":"13","author":"Polajnar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Technol. Weld. Join."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2013.2244540","article-title":"Online Measuring Power Factor in AC Resistance Spot Welding","volume":"61","author":"Zhou","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"015031","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/25\/1\/015031","article-title":"Structural health monitoring of multi-spot welded joints using a lead zirconate titanate based active sensing approach","volume":"25","author":"Yao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_134","unstructured":"Zhen-Ying, X.U., Hong, H., Liu, H., and Wang, Y. (November, January 30). A piezoelectric transducer for weld defec detection based on first-order shear horizontal (Sh1)mode. Proceedings of the 2015 Symposium on Piezoelectricity, Acoustic Waves, and Device Applications (SPAWDA), Jinan, China."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1177\/1045389X06056064","article-title":"A smart health monitoring system with application to welded structures using piezoceramic and fiber optic transducers","volume":"17","author":"Kim","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Intell. Mater. Syst. Struct."},{"key":"ref_136","first-page":"99","article-title":"Adaptive health monitoring concepts for spot-welded and weld-bonded structural joints","volume":"54","author":"Giurgiutiu","year":"1997","journal-title":"ASME-Publications-AD"},{"key":"ref_137","first-page":"124","article-title":"Monitoring of Fatigue in Welded Beams Using Piezoelectric Wafer Based Impedance Technique","volume":"33","author":"Annamdas","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Nondestruct. Eval."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.3844\/ajas.2009.140.146","article-title":"Effects of spot diameter and sheets thickness on fatigue life of spot welded structure based on FEA approach","volume":"6","author":"Rahman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.12989\/sss.2012.9.6.489","article-title":"Smart PZT-interface for wireless impedance-based prestress-loss monitoring in tendon-anchorage connection","volume":"9","author":"Nguyen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Smart Struct. Syst."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.12989\/sss.2016.17.6.881","article-title":"Compensation of temperature effect on impedance responses of PZT interface for prestress-loss monitoring in PSC girders","volume":"17","author":"Huynh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Smart Struct. Syst."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.12989\/sss.2015.15.2.375","article-title":"Local dynamic characteristics of PZT impedance interface on tendon anchorage under prestress force variation","volume":"15","author":"Huynh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Smart Struct. Syst."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/AMR.255-260.742","article-title":"Piezoelectric Impedance Based Prestress Force Monitoring for PSC Beam","volume":"255\u2013260","author":"Guo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_143","first-page":"50","article-title":"Prestress and Prestress Loss Monitoring of PSC Beams Based on Piezoelectric Impedance Test","volume":"32","author":"Guo","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Highway Transp. Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, X., Zhang, L., Liu, L., and Huo, L. (2018). Prestress Monitoring of a Steel Strand in an Anchorage Connection Using Piezoceramic Transducers and Time Reversal Method. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18114018"},{"key":"ref_145","first-page":"301","article-title":"Advances and challenges in impedance-based structural health monitoring","volume":"4","author":"Huynh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Struct. Monit. Maint."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/12\/4312\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:31:51Z","timestamp":1760196711000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/12\/4312"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,7]]},"references-count":145,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["s18124312"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s18124312","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,7]]}}}