{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T16:50:54Z","timestamp":1778345454804,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,11]],"date-time":"2018-12-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1544486400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61401196"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61401196"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Spectrum sensing plays an essential role in the detection of unused spectrum whole in cognitive radio networks, including cooperative spectrum sensing (CSS) and independent spectrum sensing. In cognitive radio ad hoc networks (CRAHNs), CSS enhances the sensing performance of cognitive nodes by exploring the spectrum partial homogeneity and fully utilizing the knowledge of neighboring nodes, e.g., sensing results and topological information. However, CSS may also open a door for malicious nodes, i.e., spectrum sensing data falsification (SSDF) attackers, which report fake sensing results to deteriorate the performance of CSS. Generally, the performance of CSS has an inverse relationship with the fraction of SSDF attackers. On the contrary, independent spectrum sensing is robust to SSDF attacks. Therefore, it is desirable to choose a proper sensing strategy between independent sensing and collaborative sensing for CRAHNs coexisting with various fractions of SSDF attackers. In this paper, a novel algorithm called Spectrum Sensing Strategy Selection (4S) is proposed to select better sensing strategies either in a collaborative or in an independent manner. To derive the maximum a posteriori estimation of nodes\u2019 spectrum status, we investigated the graph cut-based CSS method, through which the topological information cost function and the sensing results cost function were constructed. Moreover, the reputation value was applied to evaluate the performance of CSS and independent sensing. The reputation threshold was theoretically analyzed to minimize the probability of choosing the sensing manner with worse performance. Simulations were carried out to verify the viability and the efficiency of the proposed algorithm.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18124377","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,12]],"date-time":"2018-12-12T03:27:49Z","timestamp":1544585269000},"page":"4377","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Reputation-Based Spectrum Sensing Strategy Selection in Cognitive Radio Ad Hoc Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Zhiguo","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information and Communication Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhenyu","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information and Communication Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zengmao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information and Communication Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyan","family":"Ning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information and Communication Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lili","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information and Communication Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2018, December 10). Federal Communications Commission. Spectrum Policy Task Force, Available online: https:\/\/fcc.gov\/sptf\/files\/SEWGFinalReport_1.pdf."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1109\/98.788210","article-title":"Cognitive radio: Making software radios more personal","volume":"6","author":"Mitola","year":"1999","journal-title":"IEEE Pers. Commun."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1109\/SURV.2009.090109","article-title":"survey of spectrum sensing algorithms for cognitive radio applications","volume":"11","author":"Yucek","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2018.1700743","article-title":"Cooperative Spectrum Sensing as Image Segmentation: A New Data Fusion Scheme","volume":"56","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5250","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2015.2450191","article-title":"Distributed Bayesian Detection in the Presence of Byzantine Data","volume":"63","author":"Kailkhura","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Azer, M.A., El-Kassas, S.M., Hassan, A.W.F., and El-Soudani, M.S. (2008, January 4\u20137). A survey on trust and reputation schemes in ad hoc networks. Proceedings of the 2008 Third International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security, Barcelona, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/ARES.2008.180"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feng, J., Zhang, M., Xiao, Y., and Yue, H. (2018). Securing Cooperative Spectrum Sensing Against Collusive SSDF Attack using XOR Distance Analysis in Cognitive Radio Networks. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18020370"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8276","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2018.2841362","article-title":"Securing Cooperative Spectrum Sensing against Collusive False Feedback Attack in Cognitive Radio Networks","volume":"67","author":"Feng","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2680","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2013.041913.120516","article-title":"Defending against cooperative attacks in cooperative spectrum sensing","volume":"12","author":"Qin","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2009.090043","article-title":"An enhanced cooperative spectrum sensing scheme based on evidence theory and reliability source evaluation in cognitive radio context","volume":"13","author":"Koo","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1707","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2013.26","article-title":"ARC: Adaptive reputation based clustering against spectrum sensing data falsification attacks","volume":"13","author":"Hyder","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2010.03.092240","article-title":"Reputation-based cooperative spectrum sensing with trusted nodes assistance","volume":"14","author":"Zeng","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, P., Chen, C., Zhu, S., Lyu, L., Zhang, W., and Guan, X. (2017, January 3\u20136). An optimal reputation-based detection against SSDF attacks in industrial cognitive radio network. Proceedings of the 2017 13th IEEE International Conference on Control & Automation (ICCA), Ohrid, Macedonia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCA.2017.8003150"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6813","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2016.2591006","article-title":"Exploiting Secure and Energy Efficient Collaborative Spectrum Sensing for Cognitive Radio Sensor Networks","volume":"15","author":"Ren","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2010.2091277","article-title":"Collaborative spectrum sensing in the presence of byzantine attacks in cognitive radio networks","volume":"59","author":"Rawat","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Min, A.W., Kim, K., and Shin, K.G. (2011, January 3\u20136). Robust Cooperative Sensing via State Estimation in Cognitive Radio Networks. Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE International Symposium on Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks (DySPAN), Aachen, Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/DYSPAN.2011.5936205"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2004.60","article-title":"An experimental comparison of min-cut\/max-flow algorithms for energy minimization in vision","volume":"26","author":"Boykov","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kolmogorov, V., Boykov, Y., and Rother, C. (2007, January 14\u201321). Applications of parametric maxflow in computer vision. Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE 11th International Conference on Computer Vision, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2007.4408910"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1989.tb01764.x","article-title":"Exact maximum a posteriori estimation for binary images","volume":"51","author":"Greig","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. R. Stat. Soc."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boykov, Y., and Kolmogorov, V. (2001). An experimental comparison of min-cut\/max-flow algorithms for energy minimization in vision. International Workshop on Energy Minimization Methods in Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-44745-8_24"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00034-018-0774-z","article-title":"Robust Cooperative Spectrum Sensing Based on Adaptive Reputation and Evidential Reasoning Theory in Cognitive Radio Network","volume":"37","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circuits Syst. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1927","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2014.2377017","article-title":"Energy efficient collaborative spectrum sensing based on trust management in cognitive radio networks","volume":"14","author":"Mousavifar","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Box, G.E.P., Hunter, W.G., and Hunter, J.S. (2005). Statistics for Experimenters, Wiley Interscience."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3950","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2017.2763980","article-title":"Robust reputation-based cooperative spectrum sensing via imperfect common control channel","volume":"67","author":"Ma","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2017.11.010","article-title":"Trust-based mechanism design for cooperative spectrum sensing in cognitive radio networks","volume":"116","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comput. Commun."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/12\/4377\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:33:11Z","timestamp":1760196791000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/12\/4377"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,11]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["s18124377"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s18124377","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,11]]}}}