{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:07:53Z","timestamp":1760242073095,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,12]],"date-time":"2018-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1544572800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51504161"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51504161"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The transformer used in the conventional ultrasonic ranging system could provide a huge instantaneous driving voltage for the generation of ultrasonic wave, which leads to the safety problem in the explosive mixture. This paper proposes a transformerless ultrasonic ranging system powered by the intrinsically safe power source and analog switches. The analysis of intrinsic characteristics of ultrasonic driving circuit is realized in normal and fault conditions. The echo-processing circuit combined with LIN bus technology is further adopted in order to improve the system stability. After the analysis of the timing diagram of ranging instruction, the evaluation experiments of ranging accuracy and ranging stability are completed. The results show that the system can realize reliable bidirectional communication between the LIN master node circuit and the ultrasonic transceiver unit, which realizes the transformerless driving. The system can realize the distance measurement within the range of 250\u20132700 mm, and the measurement error is less than 30 mm. The measurement fluctuation is less than 10 mm, which provides a new solution for the ultrasonic ranging system in the potentially explosive atmosphere.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18124397","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,12]],"date-time":"2018-12-12T10:54:26Z","timestamp":1544612066000},"page":"4397","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Transformerless Ultrasonic Ranging System with the Feature of Intrinsic Safety for Explosive Environment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4919-4390","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control Systems (Ministry of Education and Shanxi Province), College of Physics and Optoelectronics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"}]},{"given":"Yuheng","family":"Qiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electrical and Power Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"}]},{"given":"Hongjuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electrical and Power Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electrical and Power Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"}]},{"given":"Ming","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Nanosciences and of Nanotechnologies, University of Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France"}]},{"given":"Heng","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electrical and Power Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"}]},{"given":"Dong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control Systems (Ministry of Education and Shanxi Province), College of Physics and Optoelectronics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5737-0374","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Baoquan","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control Systems (Ministry of Education and Shanxi Province), College of Physics and Optoelectronics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeps.2015.06.056","article-title":"Study and Analysis of Accidents Due to Wheeled Trackless Transportation Machinery in Indian Coal Mines\u2014Identification of Gap in Current Investigation System","volume":"11","author":"Dash","year":"2015","journal-title":"Procedia Earth Planet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultras.2016.10.012","article-title":"Long-range measurement system using ultrasonic range sensor with high-power transmitter array in air","volume":"74","author":"Kumar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ultrasonics"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"324","article-title":"Improvement of measurement distance in multi-channel ultrasonic ranging systems through adaptive chaotic pulse position width modulation excitation sequences","volume":"58","author":"Yao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Insight Non-Destr. Test. Cond. Monit."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mu, W.Y., Zhang, G.P., Huang, Y.M., Yang, X.G., Liu, H.Y., and Yan, W. (2016). Omni-Directional Scanning Localization Method of a Mobile Robot Based on Ultrasonic Sensors. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16122189"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7606","DOI":"10.3390\/s110807606","article-title":"Indoor Pedestrian Navigation Using Foot-Mounted IMU and Portable Ultrasound Range Sensors","volume":"11","author":"Gabriel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yao, Y., Ju, X., Lu, J., and Men, B. (2017). Acoustic Emission and Echo Signal Compensation Techniques Applied to an Ultrasonic Logging-While-Drilling Caliper. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17061351"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, H., Wang, Y., Zhang, X., Wang, D., and Jin, B. (2016). Design and Performance Analysis of an Intrinsically Safe Ultrasonic Ranging Sensor. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16060867"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"(2011). CEN: Explosive Atmospheres e Explosion Prevention and Protection Part 1: Basic Conceptsand Methodology, European Committee For Standardization. EN 1127-01."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1007\/s10694-009-0082-z","article-title":"Hot Surface Ignition of Performance Fuels","volume":"46","author":"Davis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Fire Technol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2015.03.010","article-title":"Safety-related conclusions for the application of ultrasound in explosive atmospheres","volume":"36","author":"Simon","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Loss Prev. Process. Ind."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2016.01.018","article-title":"Experimental investigations of the minimum ignition energy and the minimum ignition temperature of inert and combustible dust cloud mixtures","volume":"307","author":"Addai","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1002\/prs.10438","article-title":"Effects of spark duration on minimum ignition energy for methane\/air mixture","volume":"30","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Process. Saf. Prog."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1007\/s40430-018-1264-8","article-title":"A simple optimization method for the design of a lightweight, explosion-proof housing for a coal mine rescue robot","volume":"40","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Braz. Soc. Mech. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psep.2011.09.007","article-title":"Effect of rusting and mechanical damage of gap surfaces on efficiency of flame gaps in flameproof electrical apparatus","volume":"90","author":"Solheim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Process. Saf. Environ. Prot."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4939932","article-title":"High transmission acoustic focusing by impedance-matched acoustic meta-surfaces","volume":"108","author":"Jahdali","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2818","DOI":"10.1109\/TUFFC.2010.1755","article-title":"Novel multi-layer polymer-metal structures for use in ultrasonic transducer impedance matching and backing absorber applications","volume":"57","author":"Toda","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kazys, R.J., Sliteris, R., and Sestoke, J. (2017). Air-Coupled Ultrasonic Receivers with High Electromechanical Coupling PMN-32%PT Strip-Like Piezoelectric Elements. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17102365"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1851","DOI":"10.1109\/TUFFC.2007.469","article-title":"Consideration of impedance matching techniques for efficient piezoelectric energy harvesting","volume":"54","author":"Kim","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1007\/s10470-011-9810-7","article-title":"Analogue control of the slew-rate in LIN bus digital transitions using translinear circuits","volume":"72","author":"Ferreira","year":"2012","journal-title":"Analog Integr. Circuits Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.3901\/CJME.2011.06.999","article-title":"Modeling Method of Automotive Body CAN\/LIN Nets Application Protocol Based on Object-oriented Colored Petri Net","volume":"24","author":"Fang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chin. J. Mech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Wan, S., Jia, M., Li, L., Duan, Y., Sun, Y., Zhang, W., Zheng, X., Gao, J., Song, Y., and Shi, S. (2017). Ultrasonic Testing Technology and Application, China Machine Press."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Zhang, B. (1981). Safety Spark Circuit, China Coal Industry Publishing House."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"(2006). IEC\/SC31G: Explosive Atmospheres-Part 11: Equipment Protection by Intrinsic Safety \u201ci\u201d, International Electrotechnical Commission. IEC 60079-11-2006."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., and Li, W. (1991). Intrinsically Safe Circuit Design, China Coal Industry Publishing House."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/12\/4397\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:33:29Z","timestamp":1760196809000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/12\/4397"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,12]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["s18124397"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s18124397","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,12]]}}}