{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T16:01:27Z","timestamp":1780588887095,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,15]],"date-time":"2018-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1544832000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research on Estimation Algorithm and Test Technology for Guidance Information of Strap down Imaging Seeker Projects, China","award":["NO.20180520018JH"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NO.20180520018JH"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Electromechanical actuator (EMA) systems are widely employed in missiles. Due to the influence of the nonlinearities, there is a flat-top of about 64 ms when tracking the small-angle sinusoidal signals, which significantly reduces the performance of the EMA system and even causes the missile trajectory to oscillate. Aiming to solve these problems, this paper presents a hybrid control for flat-top situations. In contrast to the traditional PID or sliding mode controllers that missiles usually use, this paper utilizes improved sliding mode control based on a novel reaching law to eliminate the flat-top during the steering of the input signal, and utilizes the PID control to replace discontinuous control and improve the performance of EMA system. In addition, boundary layer and switching function are employed to solve the high-frequency chattering problem caused by traditional sliding mode control. Experiments indicate that the hybrid control can evidently reduce the flat-top time from 64 ms to 12 ms and eliminate the trajectory limit cycle oscillation. Compared with PID controllers, the proposed controller provides better performance\u2014less chattering, less flat-top, higher precision, and no oscillation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18124449","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,18]],"date-time":"2018-12-18T02:15:59Z","timestamp":1545099359000},"page":"4449","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["A Hybrid Control with PID\u2013Improved Sliding Mode for Flat-Top of Missile Electromechanical Actuator Systems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Man","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China"},{"name":"School of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dapeng","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9195-9561","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mingyue","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lihong","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingde","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, X., Liao, R., Shi, C., and Wang, S. 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