{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T20:10:21Z","timestamp":1780431021347,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,17]],"date-time":"2018-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1545004800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61471324,51425505,51875534"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61471324,51425505,51875534"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the shanxi\u201d1331 project\u201d keys subjects Construction","award":["1331"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1331"]}]},{"name":"the Outstanding Young Talents Support Plan of Shanxi province","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study, an LC wireless passive humidity sensor based on MoS2 nanoflakes was proposed. The LC wireless passive humidity sensor was optimized by performing HFSS simulations and fabricated via a screen-printing technique. The MoS2 nanoflakes were characterized by laser scanning confocal microcopy, scanning electron microscope, and X-ray diffraction. The measurements show the sensor can operate stably for a long time with a hysteresis of 4% RH (relative humidity) in 10\u201395% RH. At low humidity environment (10\u201360% RH), the sensitivity of the as-prepared humidity sensor is 2.79 kHz\/% RH, and a sensitivity of 76.04 kHz\/% RH was realized in a high humidity environment (60\u201395% RH). In this regard, the sensing mechanism was discussed in the scope of proton transfer theory. The test results also indicate that the response time and recovery time of the prepared sensor are 10 s, 15 s, respectively and between 15~40 \u00b0C the sensitivity of sensor was not temperature-dependent in the range of 10~80% RH. In addition, the sensor shows less sensitivity to temperature in the 15\u201325 \u00b0C range at 90% RH. All of these experimental results show that the prepared LC wireless passive humidity sensor can stably monitor the rapidly changing humidity in a sealed and narrow environment for a long time.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18124466","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,18]],"date-time":"2018-12-18T02:15:59Z","timestamp":1545099359000},"page":"4466","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["A MoS2 Nanoflakes-Based LC Wireless Passive Humidity Sensor"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Shujing","family":"Su","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Instrumentation Science &amp; Dynamic Measurement, Ministry of Education, North University of China, Tai Yuan 030051, China"},{"name":"Science and Technology on Electronic Test and Measurement Laboratory, North University of China, Tai Yuan 030051, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Instrumentation Science &amp; Dynamic Measurement, Ministry of Education, North University of China, Tai Yuan 030051, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Instrumentation Science &amp; Dynamic Measurement, Ministry of Education, North University of China, Tai Yuan 030051, China"},{"name":"Science and Technology on Electronic Test and Measurement Laboratory, North University of China, Tai Yuan 030051, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7877-9278","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiulin","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Instrumentation Science &amp; Dynamic Measurement, Ministry of Education, North University of China, Tai Yuan 030051, China"},{"name":"Science and Technology on Electronic Test and Measurement Laboratory, North University of China, Tai Yuan 030051, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wendong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Instrumentation Science &amp; Dynamic Measurement, Ministry of Education, North University of China, Tai Yuan 030051, China"},{"name":"Science and Technology on Electronic Test and Measurement Laboratory, North University of China, Tai Yuan 030051, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jijun","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Instrumentation Science &amp; Dynamic Measurement, Ministry of Education, North University of China, Tai Yuan 030051, China"},{"name":"Science and Technology on Electronic Test and Measurement Laboratory, North University of China, Tai Yuan 030051, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2005.04.034","article-title":"Humidity sensor based on ultrathin polyaniline film deposited using layer-by-layer nano-assembly","volume":"114","author":"Nohria","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2014.02.078","article-title":"Humidity-sensing properties of chemically reduced graphene oxide\/polymer nanocomposite film sensor based on layer-by-layer nano self-assembly","volume":"197","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1111\/jace.13383","article-title":"Mn-Loaded Mesoporous Silica Nanocomposite: A Highly Efficient Humidity Sensor","volume":"98","author":"Tomer","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tripathy, A., Pramanik, S., Manna, A., Bhuyan, S., Shah, N.F.A., Radzi, Z., and Osman, N.A.A. (2016). Design and Development for Capacitive Humidity Sensor Applications of Lead-Free Ca,Mg,Fe,Ti-Oxides-Based Electro-Ceramics with Improved Sensing Properties via Physisorption. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16071135"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44973","DOI":"10.1002\/app.44973","article-title":"Polyimide-polyurethane\/urea block copolymers for highly sensitive humidity sensor with low hysteresis","volume":"134","author":"Bae","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2010.06.012","article-title":"A fibre-optic humidity sensor based on a porous silica xerogel film as the sensing element","volume":"149","author":"Estella","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1702076","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201702076","article-title":"Highly Sensitive MoS2 Humidity Sensors Array for Noncontact Sensation","volume":"29","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2016.11.129","article-title":"High performance humidity sensor based on metal organic framework MIL-101(Cr) nanoparticles","volume":"695","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2016.07.161","article-title":"Fast-response and low-loss surface acoustic wave humidity sensor based on bovine serum albumin-gold nanoclusters film","volume":"239","author":"Rimeika","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Le, X., Ding, H., Pang, J., Wang, Y., and Xie, J. (2017, January 18\u201322). A humidity sensor with high sensitivity and low temperature coefficient of frequency based on aln surface acoustic wave and graphene oxide sensing layer. Proceedings of the 2017 19th International Conference on Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems (TRANSDUCERS), Kaohsiung, Taiwan.","DOI":"10.1109\/TRANSDUCERS.2017.7994025"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.24.001206","article-title":"Temperature insensitive hysteresis free highly sensitive polymer optical fiber Bragg grating humidity sensor","volume":"24","author":"Woyessa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8956","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.24.008956","article-title":"Tungsten disulfide (WS2) based all-fiber-optic humidity sensor","volume":"24","author":"Luo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boudaden, J., Steinma\u00dfl, M., Endres, H.-E., Drost, A., Eisele, I., Kutter, C., and M\u00fcller-Buschbaum, P. (2018). Polyimide-Based Capacitive Humidity Sensor. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18051516"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, C., Guo, L., Wang, L.F., Huang, J.Q., and Huang, Q.A. (2014, January 2\u20135). A passive wireless integrated humidity sensor based on dual-layer spiral inductors. Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE Sensors, Valencia, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSENS.2014.6985084"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2017.11.132","article-title":"An accurate and stable humidity sensing characteristic of Si FET-type humidity sensor with MoS2 as a sensing layer by pulse measurement","volume":"258","author":"Shin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2007.02.037","article-title":"Enhanced sensitivity of SAW gas sensor coated molecularly imprinted polymer incorporating high frequency stability oscillator","volume":"125","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1108\/02602280410525977","article-title":"A review of gas sensors employed in electronic nose applications","volume":"24","author":"Arshak","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sens. Rev."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2015.10.012","article-title":"Fabrication, modeling and simulation of high sensitivity capacitive humidity sensors based on ZnO nanorods","volume":"224","author":"Narimani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salmer\u00f3n, J.F., Albrecht, A., Kaffah, S., Becherer, M., Lugli, P., and Rivadeneyra, A. (2018). Wireless Chipless System for Humidity Sensing. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18072275"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, C., Huang, J.Q., and Huang, Q.A. (2013, January 16\u201320). In A passive wireless graphene oxide based humidity sensor and associated portable telemetry unit. Proceedings of the 2013 Transducers & Eurosensors XXVII: The 17th International Conference on Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems (TRANSDUCERS & EUROSENSORS XXVII), Barcelona, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/Transducers.2013.6626756"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2012.03.009","article-title":"An all-printed wireless humidity sensor label","volume":"166\u2013167","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"1","article-title":"Optical fiber based humidity sensor using Ag decorated ZnO nanorods","volume":"187\u2013188","author":"Jagtap","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microelectron. Eng."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2016.09.136","article-title":"Integrated Humidity Sensor Based on SU-8 Polymer Microdisk Microresonator","volume":"242","author":"Tasdemir","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2011.12.037","article-title":"A novel surface acoustic wave-impedance humidity sensor based on the composite of polyaniline and poly(vinyl alcohol) with a capability of detecting low humidity","volume":"165","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2011.01.002","article-title":"High-sensitivity humidity sensor based on SnO2 nanoparticles synthesized by microwave irradiation method","volume":"31","author":"Parthibavarman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5726","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2015.2447031","article-title":"HF RFID Tag as Humidity Sensor: Two Different Approaches","volume":"15","author":"Rivadeneyra","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19099","DOI":"10.1039\/C5NR06038A","article-title":"Resistive graphene humidity sensors with rapid and direct electrical readout","volume":"7","author":"Smith","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10438","DOI":"10.1039\/C5DT01125F","article-title":"Synthesis of the MoS2@CuO heterogeneous structure with improved photocatalysis performance and H2O adsorption analysis","volume":"44","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dalton Trans."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2017.11.104","article-title":"Correlation between the sensitivity and the hysteresis of humidity sensors based on graphene oxides","volume":"258","author":"Park","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375703","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/25\/37\/375703","article-title":"Impact of intrinsic atomic defects on the electronic structure of MoS2 monolayers","volume":"25","author":"Santosh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2011.10.050","article-title":"Synthesis and humidity sensing properties of ZnSnO3 cubic crystallites","volume":"161","author":"Bauskar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2714","DOI":"10.1038\/srep02714","article-title":"Ultrahigh humidity sensitivity of graphene oxide","volume":"3","author":"Bi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25422","DOI":"10.1039\/C4TC00423J","article-title":"The combinations of hollow MoS2 micro@nano-spheres: One-step synthesis, excellent photocatalytic and humidity sensing properties","volume":"2","author":"Tan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. C"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/12\/4466\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:34:29Z","timestamp":1760196869000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/12\/4466"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,17]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["s18124466"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s18124466","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,17]]}}}